Abstract
Ammannia arenaria and A. multifloras, morphologically similar at the seedling stage, are the most common broad-leaved weeds in paddy fields. Our study showed that A. arenaria occupied more space than A. multifloras when competing with rice. However, A. multifloras germination has lower temperature adaptability. No difference in sensitivity to common herbicides between two Ammannia species was observed. Chloroplast (cp) genomes could be conducive to clarify their genetic relationship. The complete cp genome sequences of A. arenaria (158,401 bp) and A. multiflora (157,900 bp) were assembled for the first time. In A. arenaria, there were 91 simple sequence repeats, 115 long repeats, and 86 protein-encoding genes, one, sixteen, and thirty more than those in A. multiflora. Inverted repeats regions expansion and contraction and the phylogenetic tree based on cp genomes demonstrated the closely relationship between the two species. However, in A. arenaria, 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDS region were detected compared to A. multiflora, which can be used to distinguish the two species. Moreover, there was one unique gene, infA, only in A. arenaria. This study provides reliable molecular resources for future research focusing on the infrageneric taxa identification, phylogenetic resolution, population structure, and biodiversity of Ammannia species.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
A. arenaria occupied more space than A. multifloras when competing with rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- A. arenariaAmmannia arenariae0weed
- Second interactor
- A. multiflorase0weed
- Outcome
- occupied more spacee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- A. multiflorase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. arenaria occupied more space than A. multifloras when competing with rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A. multifloras germination had lower temperature adaptability.
Verbatim
e0“A. multifloras germination has lower temperature adaptability”
Claim · model-written summary
The two Ammannia species did not differ in sensitivity to common herbicides.
- Taxon
- Ammannia arenariaAmmannia arenariat0
- Outcome
- sensitivity to common herbicidese0
- Direction
- No differencee0
- Comparator
- A. multiflorat0
Verbatim
e0“No difference in sensitivity to common herbicides between two Ammannia species was observed”
t0“Ammannia arenaria and A. multiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
The complete A. arenaria chloroplast genome was assembled at 158,401 bp.
- Taxon
- A. arenariaAmmannia arenariae0
- Outcome
- complete cp genome sequencese0
- Value
- 158,401 bpe0
Verbatim
e0“The complete cp genome sequences of A. arenaria (158,401 bp) and A. multiflora (157,900 bp) were assembled for the first time”
Claim · model-written summary
The complete A. multiflora chloroplast genome was assembled at 157,900 bp.
- Taxon
- A. multiflora
Ammannia multiflorae0 - Outcome
- complete cp genome sequencese0
- Value
- 157,900 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The complete cp genome sequences of A. arenaria (158,401 bp) and A. multiflora (157,900 bp) were assembled for the first time”
Claim · model-written summary
A. arenaria had 91 simple sequence repeats, one more than A. multiflora.
Verbatim
e0“In A. arenaria, there were 91 simple sequence repeats, 115 long repeats, and 86 protein-encoding genes, one, sixteen, and thirty more than those in A. multiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
A. arenaria had 115 long repeats, sixteen more than A. multiflora.
Verbatim
e0“In A. arenaria, there were 91 simple sequence repeats, 115 long repeats, and 86 protein-encoding genes, one, sixteen, and thirty more than those in A. multiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
A. arenaria had 86 protein-encoding genes, thirty more than A. multiflora.
Verbatim
e0“In A. arenaria, there were 91 simple sequence repeats, 115 long repeats, and 86 protein-encoding genes, one, sixteen, and thirty more than those in A. multiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Inverted repeat changes and chloroplast phylogeny indicated a close relationship between the two species.
- Taxon
- Ammannia arenariaAmmannia arenariat0
- Outcome
- closely relationship between the two speciese0
- Comparator
- A. multiflorat0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Inverted repeats regions expansion and contraction and the phylogenetic tree based on cp genomes demonstrated the closely relationship between the two species”
t0“Ammannia arenaria and A. multiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty coding-region SNPs distinguished A. arenaria from A. multiflora.
- Taxon
- A. arenariaAmmannia arenariae0
- Outcome
- single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDS regione0
- Value
- 20e0
- Comparator
- A. multiflorae0
Verbatim
e0“in A. arenaria, 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDS region were detected compared to A. multiflora, which can be used to distinguish the two species”
Claim · model-written summary
The infA gene was unique to A. arenaria.
- Taxon
- A. arenariaAmmannia arenariae0
- Gene
- infAe0
- Outcome
- one unique genee0
Verbatim
e0“there was one unique gene, infA, only in A. arenaria”