Abstract
In this study, the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on physio-biochemical metabolism, phenolic acid accumulation, and antioxidant system enhancement in germinated wheat under drought stress was investigated. The results showed that exogenous GABA reduced the oxidative damage in wheat seedlings caused by drought stress and enhanced the content of phenolics, with 1.0 mM being the most effective concentration. Six phenolic acids were detected in bound form, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid. However, only syringic acid and p-coumaric acid were found in free form. A total of 1.0 mM of GABA enhanced the content of total phenolic acids by 28% and 22%, respectively, compared with that of drought stress, on day four and day six of germination. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) were activated by drought stress plus GABA treatment. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also induced. These results indicate that GABA treatment may be an effective way to relieve drought stress as it activates the antioxidant system of plants by inducing the accumulation of phenolics and the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA reduced drought induced oxidative damage in wheat seedlings; 1.0 mM was most effective.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlings
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 1.0 mM being the most effective concentratione0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA reduced the oxidative damage in wheat seedlings caused by drought stress and enhanced the content of phenolics, with 1.0 mM being the most effective concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA increased phenolic content in drought stressed wheat seedlings; 1.0 mM was most effective.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- content of phenolicse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- 1.0 mM being the most effective concentratione0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA reduced the oxidative damage in wheat seedlings caused by drought stress and enhanced the content of phenolics, with 1.0 mM being the most effective concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six named phenolic acids were detected in bound form in germinated wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic acids were detected in bound forme0
- Value
- Sixe0
- Qualifier
- p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six phenolic acids were detected in bound form, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Only syringic acid and p-coumaric acid were found in free form in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- syringic acid and p-coumaric acid were found in free forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only syringic acid and p-coumaric acid were found in free form.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At day four, 1.0 mM GABA raised total phenolic acids by 28% versus drought stress alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM of GABAe0
- Outcome
- content of total phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Qualifier
- day foure0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1.0 mM of GABA enhanced the content of total phenolic acids by 28% and 22%, respectively, compared with that of drought stress, on day four and day six of germination.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At day six, 1.0 mM GABA raised total phenolic acids by 22% versus drought stress alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM of GABAe0
- Outcome
- content of total phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- day sixe0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1.0 mM of GABA enhanced the content of total phenolic acids by 28% and 22%, respectively, compared with that of drought stress, on day four and day six of germination.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress plus GABA activated PAL, C4H and 4CL enzyme activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stress plus GABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL)e0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) were activated by drought stress plus GABA treatment.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities were induced by GABA treatment in drought stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GABA treatmente1
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant enzyme activities were also induced.”
e1“drought stress plus GABA treatment.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded GABA may relieve drought stress through phenolic accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- relieve drought stresse0
- Qualifier
- by inducing the accumulation of phenolics and the increase in antioxidant enzyme activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA treatment may be an effective way to relieve drought stress as it activates the antioxidant system of plants by inducing the accumulation of phenolics and the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
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