Abstract
Straw incorporation is known as an environmentally friendly agricultural practice that can effectively enhance soil nutrient contents and crop yields; its potential to suppress soil-borne disease has also been reported in recent years. Here, we perform a field experiment for two consecutive years (2017–2018) to evaluate the effectiveness of maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryzae sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straws incorporation in alleviating Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Microbial composition in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere and soil P. brassicae abundance were estimated by high-throughput amplicon sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results showed that, during the two-year field experimental cycle, all three straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth, inhibited clubroot disease and increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere. Rice and wheat straws also increased the alpha diversity of the fungal community. These straws diversified the composition of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microbial community. All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp. These microbial taxa are either considered to have positive influences on plant growth or potential biocontrol effects. In addition, straw amendments also increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen and available potassium contents in both years of the field experiment. Taken together, we concluded that these three gramineous straw amendments ameliorated Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microorganisms, inhibited clubroot disease and promoted the growth of Chinese cabbage, and that rice straw worked best amongst the three. This study could potentially provide a new tactic of massive grain crop straw utilization and a direction in dealing with clubroot disease.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth.
- Taxon
- Chinese Cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0 - Treatment
- straw amendmentse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e1“all three straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth, inhibited clubroot disease and increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw amendments inhibited clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- straw amendmentse1
- Interactor
- Plasmodiophora brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Plasmodiophora brassicaee0pathogen - Outcome
- clubroot diseasee1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e0“clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin”
e1“all three straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth, inhibited clubroot disease and increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw amendments increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- straw amendmentse1
- Outcome
- alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizospheree1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e1“all three straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth, inhibited clubroot disease and increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice and wheat straws increased the alpha diversity of the fungal community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- Rice and wheat strawse2
- Outcome
- alpha diversity of the fungal communitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e2“Rice and wheat straws also increased the alpha diversity of the fungal community”
Claim · model-written summary
The straws diversified the composition of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microbial community.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- These strawse3
- Outcome
- composition of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microbial communitye3
- Direction
- diversifiede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e3“These straws diversified the composition of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microbial community”
Claim · model-written summary
All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens in the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- All three strawse4
- Interactor
- Cryptococcus carnescensVishniacozyma carnescense4other
- Outcome
- Cryptococcus carnescense4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e4“All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp. in the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- both rice and wheat strawse4
- Interactor
- Lysobacter sp.
Lysobactere4other - Outcome
- Lysobacter sp.e4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e4“All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. in the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- maize strawe4
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingomonase4other - Outcome
- Sphingomonas sp.e4
- Direction
- boostede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e4“All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp. in the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- wheat strawe4
- Interactor
- Talaromyces sp.Talaromycese4other
- Outcome
- Talaromyces sp.e4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e4“All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw amendments increased soil pH, electrical conductivity and available nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- straw amendmentse5
- Outcome
- soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogene5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e5“straw amendments also increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen and available potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw amendments increased available potassium contents in soil.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- straw amendmentse5
- Outcome
- available potassium contentse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e5“straw amendments also increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen and available potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw worked best among the three straws.
- Taxon
- Chinese CabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- rice strawe6
- Outcome
- worked best amongst the threee6
- Direction
- beste6
- Comparator
- amongst the threee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suppressed Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Clubroot Disease”
e6“rice straw worked best amongst the three”
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