Abstract
Soil compaction due to field trafficking involves a complex interplay of machine-soil properties. In contrast to previous studies simulating worst field scenarios, this two-year field experiment investigated the effects of traffic-induced compaction involving moderate machine operational specifications (axle load, 3.16 Mg; mean ground contact pressure, 77.5 kPa) and lower field moisture contents (< field capacity) at the time of trafficking on soil physical properties, spatial root distribution, and corresponding maize growth and grain yield in sandy loam soil. Two compaction levels, i.e. two (C2) and six (C6) vehicle passes, were compared with a control (C0). Two maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars, i.e. ZD-958 and XY-335, were used. Results showed topsoil (< 30 cm) compaction with increases in bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) up to 16.42% and 127.76%, respectively, in the 10-20 cm soil layer in 2017. Field trafficking resulted in a shallower and stronger hardpan. An increased number of traffic passes (C6) aggravated the effects, and the carryover effect was found. Higher BD and PR impaired root proliferation in deeper layers of topsoil (10-30 cm) and promoted shallow horizontal root distribution. However, XY-335, compared with ZD-958, showed deeper root distribution under compaction. Compaction-induced reductions in root biomass and length densities were respectively up to 41% and 36% in 10-20 cm and 58% and 42% in the 20-30 cm soil layer. Consequent yield penalties (7.6%-15.5%) underscore the detriments of compaction, even only in topsoil. In crux, despite their low magnitude, the negative impacts of field trafficking under moderate machine-field conditions after just two years of annual trafficking foreground the challenge of soil compaction.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic compaction increased topsoil bulk density by up to 16.42%.
- Treatment
- two (C2) and six (C6) vehicle passese1
- Outcome
- bulk density (BD)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 16.42%e0
- Qualifier
- 10-20 cm soil layer in 2017e0
- Comparator
- control (C0)e1
Zea maysNot reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“topsoil (< 30 cm) compaction with increases in bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) up to 16.42% and 127.76%, respectively, in the 10-20 cm soil layer in 2017.”
t0“maize”
e1“Two compaction levels, i.e. two (C2) and six (C6) vehicle passes, were compared with a control (C0).”
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic compaction increased topsoil penetration resistance by up to 127.76%.
- Treatment
- two (C2) and six (C6) vehicle passese1
- Outcome
- penetration resistance (PR)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 127.76%e0
- Qualifier
- 10-20 cm soil layer in 2017e0
- Comparator
- control (C0)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“topsoil (< 30 cm) compaction with increases in bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) up to 16.42% and 127.76%, respectively, in the 10-20 cm soil layer in 2017.”
e1“Two compaction levels, i.e. two (C2) and six (C6) vehicle passes, were compared with a control (C0).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Field trafficking made the hardpan shallower and stronger, with more passes aggravating the effect and a carryover effect observed.
- Treatment
- Field traffickinge0
- Outcome
- hardpane0
- Direction
- shallower and strongere0
- Comparator
- control (C0)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trafficking resulted in a shallower and stronger hardpan. An increased number of traffic passes (C6) aggravated the effects, and the carryover effect was found.”
e1“compared with a control (C0)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher bulk density and penetration resistance impaired deep root proliferation and promoted shallow horizontal root distribution.
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- root proliferation in deeper layers of topsoil (10-30 cm)e0
- Direction
- impairede0
- Qualifier
- Higher BD and PRe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Higher BD and PR impaired root proliferation in deeper layers of topsoil (10-30 cm) and promoted shallow horizontal root distribution.”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-335 maize had deeper roots than ZD-958 under compaction.
- Material
- XY-335e0
- Outcome
- root distributione0
- Direction
- deepere0
- Qualifier
- under compactione0
- Comparator
- ZD-958e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XY-335, compared with ZD-958, showed deeper root distribution under compaction.”
e1“Two maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction reduced root biomass density by up to 41% in the 10-20 cm layer and 58% in the 20-30 cm layer.
- Treatment
- Compactione0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Qualifier
- 58% and 42% in the 20-30 cm soil layere0
- Comparator
- control (C0)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compaction-induced reductions in root biomass and length densities were respectively up to 41% and 36% in 10-20 cm and 58% and 42% in the 20-30 cm soil layer.”
e1“compared with a control (C0)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction reduced root length density by up to 36% in the 10-20 cm layer and 42% in the 20-30 cm layer.
- Treatment
- Compactione0
- Outcome
- length densitiese0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Qualifier
- 42% in the 20-30 cm soil layere0
- Comparator
- control (C0)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compaction-induced reductions in root biomass and length densities were respectively up to 41% and 36% in 10-20 cm and 58% and 42% in the 20-30 cm soil layer.”
e1“compared with a control (C0)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction caused maize yield penalties of 7.6%-15.5%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequent yield penalties (7.6%-15.5%) underscore the detriments of compaction, even only in topsoil.”
e1“compared with a control (C0)”
t0“maize”
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