Abstract
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been adopted in over 900 ha in California strawberry production as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Rice bran, the predominant carbon source for ASD, has become increasingly expensive. In 2021–22 and the 2022–23 field studies, we evaluated 20–30% lower-priced wheat middlings (Midds) and dried distillers’ grain (DDG) at 21,800 kg ha−1 (in 2021) and 17,000 kg ha−1 (in 2022) as alternative carbon sources to rice bran. The study was placed at Santa Paula, California in September of each season in preparation for strawberry planting in October. Soil and air temperatures were 18–26 °C during that time. After the incorporation of carbon sources into the top 30 cm of bed soil, beds were reshaped, and irrigation drip lines were installed and covered with totally impermeable film (TIF) to prevent gas exchange. Beds were irrigated to saturate the bed soil within 48 h after TIF installation. Anaerobic conditions were measured with soil redox potential (Eh) sensors placed at 15 cm depth in all plots. Both DDG and Midds plots maintained Eh at −180 to 0 mV during the two ASD weeks, while untreated soil was aerobic at 200 to 400 mV. Permeable bags with inocula of Macrophomina phaseolina, a lethal soil-borne pathogen of strawberry, and tubers of a perennial weed Cyperus esculentus were placed 15 cm deep in the soil at ASD initiation and retrieved two weeks later for analyses. Two weeks after that, holes were cut to aerate beds and ‘Victor’ or ‘Fronteras’ bare-root strawberries were transplanted into them. ASD with DDG reduced viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolina by 49% in the first season and 75 to 85% with both carbon sources in the second season. Both ASD treatments reduced tuber germination of C. esculentus 86–90% compared to untreated soil in one of two years. Additionally, Midds and DDG provided greater sufficiency of plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus compared to untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizer and improved fruit yields by 11–29%. ASD with these carbon sources can suppress soil pathogens and weeds and help sustain organic strawberry production in California.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
DDG and Midds maintained soil Eh at −180 to 0 mV while untreated soil remained aerobic.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- DDG and Middse0
- Outcome
- Ehe0
- Value
- −180 to 0 mVe0
- Qualifier
- 200 to 400 mVe0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Both DDG and Midds plots maintained Eh at −180 to 0 mV during the two ASD weeks, while untreated soil was aerobic at 200 to 400 mV”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
DDG ASD reduced viable M. phaseolina microsclerotia by 49% in the first season.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD with DDGe0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Outcome
- viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolinae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD with DDG reduced viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolina by 49% in the first season”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Both carbon sources reduced viable M. phaseolina microsclerotia by 75 to 85% in the second season.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- both carbon sourcese0
- Outcome
- viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolinae0
- Value
- 75 to 85%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD with DDG reduced viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolina by 49% in the first season and 75 to 85% with both carbon sources in the second season”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Both ASD treatments reduced C. esculentus tuber germination by 86–90% compared with untreated soil in one year.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Both ASD treatmentse0
- Interactor
- C. esculentus
Cyperus esculentuse0weed - Outcome
- tuber germination of C. esculentuse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 86–90%e0
- Qualifier
- one of two yearse0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both ASD treatments reduced tuber germination of C. esculentus 86–90% compared to untreated soil in one of two years”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Midds and DDG improved plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus sufficiency compared with fertilized untreated soil.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Midds and DDGe0
- Outcome
- sufficiency of plant-available nitrogen and phosphoruse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midds and DDG provided greater sufficiency of plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus compared to untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizer”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Midds and DDG improved fruit yields by 11–29%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Midds and DDGe0
- Outcome
- fruit yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 11–29%e0
- Comparator
- untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midds and DDG provided greater sufficiency of plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus compared to untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizer and improved fruit yields by 11–29%”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that these carbon sources can suppress pathogens and weeds and support organic strawberry production.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- suppress soil pathogens and weeds and help sustain organic strawberry productione0
- Setting
- Californiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD with these carbon sources can suppress soil pathogens and weeds and help sustain organic strawberry production in California”
The same questions in other papers
processing · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →solarization · Macrophomina phaseolina · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.