Abstract
Wheat plays a significant role in the provision of food and nutrition. However, rapid soil salinization poses a severe threat to its production worldwide. Salt stress stunts wheat growth and quality, resulting in low grain yields. The adaptation of wheat to salinity involves complex physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to identify the genetic approaches concerning salt stress-responsive proteins and protein pathways in wheat roots under controlled (0 mM) and NaCl stress (250 mM) solution using label-free proteomic quantification analysis. We found a significant accumulation of Na+ in the leaf and root compared with the controlled condition. Besides, we identified 2436 proteins enhanced under salt stress, with 198 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs), including 170 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated proteins. Many of these proteins were involved in salinity tolerance, including heat shock proteins, glutathione S-transferase, dehydrin, peroxidase, potassium channel beta subunit-type H+-ATPase, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn), 14-3-3 protein, peroxidase, malate dehydrogenase, and heat shock proteins. The abundance of a V-type H+ ATPase and 14-3-3 protein was also enhanced, facilitating Na+ compartmentalization in the vacuole through the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway. Additionally, many antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and thioredoxins, were up-regulated, playing a vital role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) in salinity-stressed wheat roots. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that salinity stress enhances the abundance of proteins in several metabolic pathways, such as the citrate cycle, ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, carbon metabolism, and cytoplasm. We anticipate that the identified proteins under salinity conditions will provide us with a deeper understanding of their application in agriculture biotechnology.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly increased Na+ accumulation in leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- leaf and roote0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Na+ in the leaf and roote0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Comparator
- controlled conditione0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found a significant accumulation of Na+ in the leaf and root compared with the controlled condition.”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 2436 proteins were enhanced.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- proteinse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2436 proteinse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified 2436 proteins enhanced under salt stress”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress yielded 198 differentially abundant proteins.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differentially abundant proteinse0
- Value
- 198 differentially abundant proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with 198 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs)”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
There were 170 up-regulated proteins under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- proteinse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Value
- 170 up-regulatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including 170 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated proteins”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
There were 28 down-regulated proteins under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- proteinse0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Value
- 28 down-regulatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including 170 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated proteins”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
V-type H+ ATPase abundance was enhanced.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- V-type H+ ATPasee0
- Outcome
- abundancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of a V-type H+ ATPase and 14-3-3 protein was also enhanced”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
14-3-3 protein abundance was enhanced.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- 14-3-3 proteine0
- Outcome
- abundancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of a V-type H+ ATPase and 14-3-3 protein was also enhanced”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated in salt-stressed wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and thioredoxinse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“many antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and thioredoxins, were up-regulated”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress enhanced proteins in several metabolic pathways.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- abundance of proteins in several metabolic pathwayse0
- Direction
- enhancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress enhances the abundance of proteins in several metabolic pathways, such as the citrate cycle, ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, carbon metabolism, and cytoplasm.”
t0“proteomics profiling of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”