Abstract
The proper management of treated agricultural wastes (e.g., composts) contributes to the protection of water and soil quality by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, lowering leachate, and protecting renewable and nonrenewable resources. Natural zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, can be used in agriculture to improve soil quality and increase yields due to their unique properties. The objective of the study was to test the effects of the co-addition of compost, zeolite and ammonium-based fertilizer on the Above-ground Fresh Weight (AFW) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), leaf nutrients and soil fertility. To this aim, a soil pot experiment was carried out at the Department of Soil Science of Athens, which is located in the region of Attica, in the area of central Greece. Two levels of olive compost originated from olive leaves (0% and 10% v/v), three levels of zeolite (0%, 2%, and 5% w/w) and two levels of chemical fertilization (no fertilization and NPK fertilization) were combined. Furthermore, two different soils were introduced, one moderately acidic (pH = 5.6) and sandy loam in texture (Ac-LT), and the other slightly alkaline (pH = 7.7) and sandy clay in texture (Al-HT). Results showed that the response of lettuce yield to chemical fertilization and zeolite application is soil type-dependent, whereas compost application significantly improved AFW in both soil types. The availability of macronutrients (P, K, and Na) in the soil, as well as their concentration in leaves, were significantly increased by NPK fertilization in most cases. Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil. The study recorded a significant reduction in available Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soil, whereas DTPA-Mn and -Zn were significantly enhanced in Ac-LT soil. Comparable patterns were also documented for the micronutrient concentration in leaves. In most cases, compost application had significant and beneficial effects on plant nutrients. On the contrary, different responses of soil properties to compost addition were registered. The main effect of compost treatment on soil pH, EC, SOM, total N, and available P was significant and positive in both soil types, except for pH and EC in Al-HT soil. On the other hand, exchangeable K and Na were significantly reduced by compost. Zeolite substantially increased the availability of P, K, and Na in soil and plants, whereas the concentrations of DTPA-extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrients were largely unaffected. In addition, the results of our study indicated that co-additions of organic and inorganic amendments did not yield any significant impact on the lettuce yield, leaf nutrient content and soil fertility. It is suggested that the degree of changes in main soil properties (e.g., pH, EC, SOM) as a result of amendment application as well as the interaction of the amendments with nutrient availability are strongly related to soil type.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yield responses to chemical fertilization depend on soil type.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- chemical fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil type-dependente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the response of lettuce yield to chemical fertilization and zeolite application is soil type-dependent, whereas compost application significantly improved AFW in both soil types.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yield responses to zeolite depend on soil type.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- zeolite applicatione0
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil type-dependente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the response of lettuce yield to chemical fertilization and zeolite application is soil type-dependent, whereas compost application significantly improved AFW in both soil types.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly improved lettuce above-ground fresh weight in both soils.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- AFWe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- in both soil typese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the response of lettuce yield to chemical fertilization and zeolite application is soil type-dependent, whereas compost application significantly improved AFW in both soil types.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilization significantly increased soil P, K and Na availability in most cases.
- Treatment
- NPK fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- availability of macronutrients (P, K, and Na) in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in most casese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The availability of macronutrients (P, K, and Na) in the soil, as well as their concentration in leaves, were significantly increased by NPK fertilization in most cases.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilization significantly increased leaf P, K and Na concentrations in most cases.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- NPK fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- concentration in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- macronutrients (P, K, and Na)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The availability of macronutrients (P, K, and Na) in the soil, as well as their concentration in leaves, were significantly increased by NPK fertilization in most cases.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilizer effects on soil extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrients depended on soil type.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contentse0
- Qualifier
- associated with the type of soile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilization significantly reduced available soil Fe, Cu and Mn in AL-HT soil.
- Material
- AL-HT soile0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- available Fe, Cu, and Mne0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The study recorded a significant reduction in available Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soil, whereas DTPA-Mn and -Zn were significantly enhanced in Ac-LT soil.”
e1“Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilization significantly enhanced soil DTPA-Mn and Zn in Ac-LT soil.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The study recorded a significant reduction in available Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soil, whereas DTPA-Mn and -Zn were significantly enhanced in Ac-LT soil.”
e1“Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Fe, Cu and Mn showed comparable reductions in AL-HT soil.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- micronutrient concentration in leavese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study recorded a significant reduction in available Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soil, whereas DTPA-Mn and -Zn were significantly enhanced in Ac-LT soil. Comparable patterns were also documented for the micronutrient concentration in leaves.”
e1“Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Mn and Zn showed comparable enhancements in Ac-LT soil.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- micronutrient concentration in leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- Ac-LT soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study recorded a significant reduction in available Fe, Cu, and Mn in AL-HT soil, whereas DTPA-Mn and -Zn were significantly enhanced in Ac-LT soil. Comparable patterns were also documented for the micronutrient concentration in leaves.”
e1“Conversely, the impact of inorganic fertilization on DTPA extractable micronutrients and leaf micronutrient contents was found to be associated with the type of soil.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly benefited plant nutrients in most cases.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant nutrientse0
- Qualifier
- beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, compost application had significant and beneficial effects on plant nutrients.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly increased soil pH and EC except in Al-HT soil.
- Treatment
- compost treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil pH, ECe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Qualifier
- except for pH and EC in Al-HT soile0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of compost treatment on soil pH, EC, SOM, total N, and available P was significant and positive in both soil types, except for pH and EC in Al-HT soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly increased soil organic matter, total N and available P in both soils.
- Treatment
- compost treatmente0
- Outcome
- SOM, total N, and available Pe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Qualifier
- in both soil typese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of compost treatment on soil pH, EC, SOM, total N, and available P was significant and positive in both soil types, except for pH and EC in Al-HT soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly reduced exchangeable K and Na.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, exchangeable K and Na were significantly reduced by compost.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite substantially increased soil P, K and Na availability.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Zeolite substantially increased the availability of P, K, and Na in soil and plants, whereas the concentrations of DTPA-extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrients were largely unaffected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite substantially increased plant P, K and Na availability.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Zeolitee0
- Outcome
- availability of P, K, and Nae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zeolite substantially increased the availability of P, K, and Na in soil and plants, whereas the concentrations of DTPA-extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrients were largely unaffected.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite largely left extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrients unaffected.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Zeolitee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of DTPA-extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrientse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- largelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zeolite substantially increased the availability of P, K, and Na in soil and plants, whereas the concentrations of DTPA-extractable micronutrients and leaf macronutrients were largely unaffected.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-additions did not significantly affect lettuce yield, leaf nutrient content or soil fertility.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- co-additions of organic and inorganic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- lettuce yield, leaf nutrient content and soil fertilitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, the results of our study indicated that co-additions of organic and inorganic amendments did not yield any significant impact on the lettuce yield, leaf nutrient content and soil fertility.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendment effects on soil properties and nutrient availability were interpreted as strongly related to soil type.
- Treatment
- amendment applicatione0
- Outcome
- changes in main soil propertiese0
- Qualifier
- strongly related to soil typee0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“It is suggested that the degree of changes in main soil properties (e.g., pH, EC, SOM) as a result of amendment application as well as the interaction of the amendments with nutrient availability are strongly related to soil type.”
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