Abstract
Weeds cause more crop yield loss and increase farmers’ production costs more than any other agricultural pest worldwide. Natural extracts can be an important alternative to synthetic herbicides, or they can be one of the resources from which to discover new pesticide leads. The phytotoxic potential of smoke water was evaluated regarding germination and initial growth, prospecting for its possible herbicidal activity in weeds. Herbicidal activity was evaluated through germination, initial growth, and seedling vigor index bioassays in the laboratory and emergency with initial development bioassays in a greenhouse with smoke water solutions at 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% v/v. Experiments with two treatments were analyzed using T-tests for the parametric data and the Mann–Whitney test for the non-parametric data (p < 0.05). Experiments with three treatments or more were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test followed by a Tukey test for the parametric data and a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by a Dunn test for the non-parametric data (p < 0.05). Linear regression was used to analyze data from the time–injury curve. The greatest effect on germination suppression (98%) was achieved when the Amaranthus viridis seeds were germinated in the laboratory with a 10% smoke water solution. Germination of Raphanus raphanistrum and Digitaria insularis was reduced by 93 and 75%, respectively, at this concentration. In greenhouse experiments, emergence of A. viridis was inhibited 81% by 20% smoke water. In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis. R. raphanistrum initial growth reduction was 82%, Urochloa decumbens was 80%, D. insularis was 77% and Emilia fosbergii was 70% in the same conditions. In greenhouse development experiments, 70% of the A. viridis plants were killed by 5% smoke water treatment. These plants had 88% injury after treatment with 5% smoke water. Therefore, these findings suggest that smoke water solutions have potential as an herbicide, inhibiting the germination and initial growth of monocotyledonous and eudicotyledonous weeds. However, field tests are needed to confirm the potential of smoke water as an herbicide.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke water at 10% gave the greatest suppression of Amaranthus viridis germination in the laboratory (98%).
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridise1 - Treatment
- 10% smoke water solutione1
- Outcome
- germination suppressione1
- Direction
- greatest effecte1
- Value
- 98%e1
- Setting
- laboratorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The greatest effect on germination suppression (98%) was achieved when the Amaranthus viridis seeds were germinated in the laboratory with a 10% smoke water solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke water at 10% reduced Raphanus raphanistrum germination by 93%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus raphanistrum
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Raphanus raphanistrume2 - Treatment
- 10% smoke water solutione1
- Outcome
- Germinatione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 93e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“The greatest effect on germination suppression (98%) was achieved when the Amaranthus viridis seeds were germinated in the laboratory with a 10% smoke water solution”
e2“Germination of Raphanus raphanistrum and Digitaria insularis was reduced by 93 and 75%, respectively, at this concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke water at 10% reduced Digitaria insularis germination by 75%.
- Taxon
- Digitaria insularis
Digitaria insularise2 - Treatment
- 10% smoke water solutione1
- Outcome
- Germinatione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 75e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The greatest effect on germination suppression (98%) was achieved when the Amaranthus viridis seeds were germinated in the laboratory with a 10% smoke water solution”
e2“Germination of Raphanus raphanistrum and Digitaria insularis was reduced by 93 and 75%, respectively, at this concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse experiments, 20% smoke water inhibited emergence of Amaranthus viridis by 81%.
- Taxon
- A. viridisAmaranthus viridise3
- Treatment
- 20% smoke watere3
- Outcome
- emergencee3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Value
- 81%e3
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In greenhouse experiments, emergence of A. viridis was inhibited 81% by 20% smoke water”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect on Amaranthus viridis initial growth (94%).
- Taxon
- A. viridisAmaranthus viridise4
- Treatment
- 5% smoke watere4
- Outcome
- initial growthe4
- Direction
- greatest inhibitory effecte4
- Value
- 94%e4
- Setting
- laboratory initial growth experimentse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% smoke water, Raphanus raphanistrum initial growth was reduced by 82%.
- Taxon
- R. raphanistrumRaphanus raphanistrume5
- Treatment
- 5% smoke watere4
- Outcome
- initial growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 82%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis”
e5“R. raphanistrum initial growth reduction was 82%, Urochloa decumbens was 80%, D. insularis was 77% and Emilia fosbergii was 70% in the same conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% smoke water, Urochloa decumbens initial growth was reduced by 80%.
- Taxon
- Urochloa decumbens
.jpg?width=60)
Urochloa decumbense5 - Treatment
- 5% smoke watere4
- Outcome
- initial growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 80%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis”
e5“R. raphanistrum initial growth reduction was 82%, Urochloa decumbens was 80%, D. insularis was 77% and Emilia fosbergii was 70% in the same conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% smoke water, Digitaria insularis initial growth was reduced by 77%.
- Taxon
- D. insularisDigitaria insularise5
- Treatment
- 5% smoke watere4
- Outcome
- initial growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 77%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis”
e5“R. raphanistrum initial growth reduction was 82%, Urochloa decumbens was 80%, D. insularis was 77% and Emilia fosbergii was 70% in the same conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% smoke water, Emilia fosbergii initial growth was reduced by 70%.
- Taxon
- Emilia fosbergii
Emilia fosbergiie5 - Treatment
- 5% smoke watere4
- Outcome
- initial growthe5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 70%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In laboratory initial growth experiments, 5% smoke water had the greatest inhibitory effect (94%) on A. viridis”
e5“R. raphanistrum initial growth reduction was 82%, Urochloa decumbens was 80%, D. insularis was 77% and Emilia fosbergii was 70% in the same conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse development experiments, 70% of Amaranthus viridis plants were killed by 5% smoke water.
- Taxon
- A. viridisAmaranthus viridise6
- Treatment
- 5% smoke water treatmente6
- Outcome
- plantse6
- Direction
- killede6
- Value
- 70%e6
- Setting
- greenhouse development experimentse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In greenhouse development experiments, 70% of the A. viridis plants were killed by 5% smoke water treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus viridis plants had 88% injury after treatment with 5% smoke water.
- Taxon
- A. viridisAmaranthus viridise6
- Treatment
- 5% smoke watere7
- Outcome
- injurye7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- 88%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In greenhouse development experiments, 70% of the A. viridis plants were killed by 5% smoke water treatment”
e7“These plants had 88% injury after treatment with 5% smoke water”