Abstract
Abstract Oat ( Avena sativa L.) is the main species used as a companion crop when establishing perennial forages in eastern Canada, and, although other annual species are used, they have not been systematically evaluated. A field study was conducted across five environments to contrast the use of six annual species (berseem clover, Trifolium alexandrinum L.; forage peas, Pisum sativum L.; annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lamarck; oat; Japanese millet, Echinochloa esculenta [A. Braun] H. Scholz; sudangrass, Sorghum × drummondii [Nees ex. Steud.] Millsp. & Chase) as companion crops for the establishment of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)‐timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) mixtures. The control treatment consisted of the perennial species seeded without companion crop. Treatments were seeded at three dates and evaluated during the seeding and post‐seeding years. The performance of the six companion crops evaluated herein varied depending on the seeding date and the environment. For a mid‐May to early June seeding total seeding year forage mass was greatest with use of oat, Japanese millet, or sudangrass as companion crops; for a mid‐June to late June seeding with Japanese millet or sudangrass; and for a late July to early August seeding with oat or Japanese millet. These species, however, reduced in some environments seeding year alfalfa or timothy mass compared to a control seeded without a companion crop. Such reduction was also observed in some environments in the first post‐seeding year. Companion crop choice to establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures needs to take into consideration seeding date and forage needs on the short term versus the long term.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Performance of the six companion crops varied with seeding date and environment.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Outcome
- performance of the six companion cropse1
- Direction
- variede1
- Qualifier
- depending on the seeding date and the environmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e1“The performance of the six companion crops evaluated herein varied depending on the seeding date and the environment”
Claim · model-written summary
For mid-May to early June seeding, oat, Japanese millet or sudangrass gave the greatest total seeding-year forage mass.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- oat, Japanese millet, or sudangrasse2
- Outcome
- total seeding year forage masse2
- Direction
- greateste2
- Qualifier
- early June seedinge6
- Setting
- five environmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e0“A field study was conducted across five environments”
e2“total seeding year forage mass was greatest with use of oat, Japanese millet, or sudangrass as companion crops”
e6“early June seeding”
Claim · model-written summary
For late June seeding, Japanese millet or sudangrass gave the greatest total seeding-year forage mass.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Japanese millet or sudangrasse4
- Outcome
- total seeding year forage masse2
- Direction
- greateste2
- Qualifier
- late June seedinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e4“late June seeding with Japanese millet or sudangrass”
e2“total seeding year forage mass was greatest with use of oat, Japanese millet, or sudangrass as companion crops”
Claim · model-written summary
For late July to early August seeding, oat or Japanese millet gave the greatest total seeding-year forage mass.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- oat or Japanese millete5
- Outcome
- total seeding year forage masse2
- Direction
- greateste2
- Qualifier
- late July to early August seedinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e5“late July to early August seeding with oat or Japanese millet”
e2“total seeding year forage mass was greatest with use of oat, Japanese millet, or sudangrass as companion crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Some companion crops reduced seeding-year alfalfa or timothy mass compared with a control without companion crop.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae7
- Treatment
- companion crope7
- Outcome
- seeding year alfalfa or timothy masse7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- control seeded without a companion crope7
- Setting
- some environmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These species, however, reduced in some environments seeding year alfalfa or timothy mass compared to a control seeded without a companion crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduction of alfalfa or timothy mass by companion crops also occurred in some environments in the first post-seeding year.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- companion crope7
- Outcome
- alfalfa or timothy masse7
- Direction
- reductione6
- Comparator
- control seeded without a companion crope7
- Setting
- some environmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e7“These species, however, reduced in some environments seeding year alfalfa or timothy mass compared to a control seeded without a companion crop”
e6“Such reduction was also observed in some environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Companion crop choice for alfalfa-timothy mixtures should consider seeding date and short- versus long-term forage needs.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- seeding date and forage needse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“establish alfalfa–timothy mixtures at different seeding dates”
e7“needs to take into consideration seeding date and forage needs on the short term versus the long term”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · organism · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.