Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most deleterious types of mycotoxins. The application of an endophytic fungus for biodegradation or biosuppression of AFB1 production by Aspergillus flavus was investigated. About 10 endophytic fungal species, isolated from healthy maize plants, were screened for their in vitro AFs-degrading activity using coumarin medium. The highest degradation potential was recorded for Trichoderma sp. (76.8%). This endophyte was identified using the rDNA-ITS sequence as Trichoderma harzianum AYM3 and assigned an accession no. of ON203053. It caused a 65% inhibition in the growth of A. flavus AYM2 in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that T. harzianum AYM3 had a biodegradation potential against AFB1. Co-culturing of T. harazianum AYM3 and A. flavus AYM2 on maize grains led to a significant suppression (67%) in AFB1 production. GC-MS analysis identified two AFB1-suppressing compounds, acetic acid and n-propyl acetate. Investigating effect on the transcriptional expression of five AFB1 biosynthesis-related genes in A. flavus AYM2 revealed the downregulating effects of T. harzianum AYM3 metabolites on expression of aflP and aflS genes. Using HepaRG cell line, the cytotoxicity assay indicated that T. harazianum AYM3 metabolites were safe. Based on these results, it can be concluded that T. harzianum AYM3 may be used to suppress AFB1 production in maize grains.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma sp. had the highest in vitro aflatoxin degradation potential, 76.8%.
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp.
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- degradation potentiale0
- Value
- 76.8%e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest degradation potential was recorded for Trichoderma sp. (76.8%).”
Claim · model-written summary
The selected endophyte was identified as Trichoderma harzianum AYM3.
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum AYM3Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- identifiede0
- Value
- ON203053e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This endophyte was identified using the rDNA-ITS sequence as Trichoderma harzianum AYM3 and assigned an accession no. of ON203053.”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte inhibited A. flavus AYM2 growth in vitro by 65%.
- Interactor
- A. flavus AYM2
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of A. flavus AYM2e0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It caused a 65% inhibition in the growth of A. flavus AYM2 in vitro.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum AYM3 biodegraded AFB1 in HPLC analysis.
- Interactor
- T. harzianum AYM3Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biodegradation potential against AFB1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HPLC analysis revealed that T. harzianum AYM3 had a biodegradation potential against AFB1.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-culturing T. harazianum AYM3 with A. flavus AYM2 significantly suppressed AFB1 production on maize grains by 67%.
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- Co-culturing of T. harazianum AYM3 and A. flavus AYM2e0
- Interactor
- A. flavus AYM2Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harazianum AYM3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- AFB1 productione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Value
- 67%e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-culturing of T. harazianum AYM3 and A. flavus AYM2 on maize grains led to a significant suppression (67%) in AFB1 production.”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified acetic acid and n-propyl acetate as AFB1-suppressing compounds.
- Outcome
- AFB1-suppressing compounds, acetic acid and n-propyl acetatee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS analysis identified two AFB1-suppressing compounds, acetic acid and n-propyl acetate.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum AYM3 metabolites downregulated aflP and aflS expression in A. flavus AYM2.
- Treatment
- T. harzianum AYM3 metabolitese0
- Interactor
- A. flavus AYM2Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Gene
- aflP and aflS genese0
- Outcome
- expression of aflP and aflS genese0
- Direction
- downregulatinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Investigating effect on the transcriptional expression of five AFB1 biosynthesis-related genes in A. flavus AYM2 revealed the downregulating effects of T. harzianum AYM3 metabolites on expression of aflP and aflS genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harazianum AYM3 metabolites were found safe in a HepaRG cytotoxicity assay.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Using HepaRG cell line, the cytotoxicity assay indicated that T. harazianum AYM3 metabolites were safe.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest T. harzianum AYM3 may suppress AFB1 production in maize grains.
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum AYM3Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- suppress AFB1 productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum AYM3 may be used to suppress AFB1 production in maize grains.”
The same questions in other papers
Aspergillus flavus · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Trichoderma harzianum · Aspergillus flavus · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.