Abstract
Images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can serve as a baseline for studies in weed science, complementing observations obtained in the ground. The objective of this work was to determine soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plant injury caused by pre-emergence herbicides in sandy and clayey soils, using a low-cost UAV. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and seven treatments consisted of herbicides (diclosulam, chlorimuron, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, and S-metolachlor), hand weeded and untreated treatments. Ground-based evaluations were carried out to assess soybean crop injury, plant stand, leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, canopy distance and grain yield. Images were taken using a UAV equipped with an RGB (red green and blue) camera. Soybean plants sprayed with diclosulam had lower plant reflectance in the R (98.9), G (147.1) and B (74.3) range than the other treatments in sandy soil. In clayey soil, hand weeded treatment had higher plants (30.8 cm) and untreated favored smaller plants (24.9 cm) compared to herbicide treatments. In sandy soil, soybean yield of all treatments was similar, however in clayey soil, soybean yield treated with chlorimuron and flumioxazin was higher than 5000 kg ha -1 and better than the others treatments. The nutrient-poor soil (sandy) may have aggravated the plant injury caused by herbicides and explain the lower yield observed compared to clayey soil. It was determined soybean plant injury caused by pre-emergence herbicides with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, providing complementary results to ground-based measurements, indicating the potential of this technology for low-cost evaluations in weed science.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Diclosulam treated soybeans had lower red reflectance in sandy soil than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- diclosulame0
- Outcome
- plant reflectance in the Re0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 98.9e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants sprayed with diclosulam had lower plant reflectance in the R (98.9), G (147.1) and B (74.3) range than the other treatments in sandy soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclosulam treated soybeans had lower green reflectance in sandy soil than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- diclosulame0
- Outcome
- Ge0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 147.1e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants sprayed with diclosulam had lower plant reflectance in the R (98.9), G (147.1) and B (74.3) range than the other treatments in sandy soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclosulam treated soybeans had lower blue reflectance in sandy soil than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- diclosulame0
- Outcome
- Be0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 74.3e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants sprayed with diclosulam had lower plant reflectance in the R (98.9), G (147.1) and B (74.3) range than the other treatments in sandy soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeded soybeans in clayey soil were taller than herbicide treated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- hand weeded treatmente0
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 30.8 cme0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In clayey soil, hand weeded treatment had higher plants (30.8 cm) and untreated favored smaller plants (24.9 cm) compared to herbicide treatments.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated soybeans in clayey soil were shorter than herbicide treated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- untreatede0
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 24.9 cme0
- Comparator
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In clayey soil, hand weeded treatment had higher plants (30.8 cm) and untreated favored smaller plants (24.9 cm) compared to herbicide treatments.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was similar among all treatments in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In sandy soil, soybean yield of all treatments was similar”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorimuron treated soybean yielded over 5000 kg ha -1 and exceeded other treatments in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- chlorimurone0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5000 kg ha -1e0
- Comparator
- others treatmentse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in clayey soil, soybean yield treated with chlorimuron and flumioxazin was higher than 5000 kg ha -1 and better than the others treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin treated soybean yielded over 5000 kg ha -1 and exceeded other treatments in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5000 kg ha -1e0
- Comparator
- others treatmentse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in clayey soil, soybean yield treated with chlorimuron and flumioxazin was higher than 5000 kg ha -1 and better than the others treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nutrient poor sandy soil aggravated herbicide injury and lowered yield relative to clayey soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- plant injury caused by herbicidese0
- Qualifier
- nutrient-poor soil (sandy)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient-poor soil (sandy) may have aggravated the plant injury caused by herbicides and explain the lower yield observed compared to clayey soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
UAV imagery detected soybean injury from pre-emergence herbicides and complemented ground measurements.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- soybean plant injurye0
- Comparator
- ground-based measurementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was determined soybean plant injury caused by pre-emergence herbicides with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, providing complementary results to ground-based measurements”
The same questions in other papers
chlorimuron · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →flumioxazin · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.