Abstract
Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil possess a potential threat to human health. Probably, the use of hyper-accumulator plants can be an eco-friendly and cheap approach to attain more desirable levels of these contaminants in soil. The current study is a trial to increase the efficiency of basil (hyperaccumulator) plants to phytoextract some PTEs, namely Cd, Pb and Co from a clay soil artificially contaminated with these PTEs by the aid of elevated doses of humic acids (HAs 0-50 mg kg-1) derived from a mature compost. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021 to attain this aim and lasted for 60 days, following a complete randomized design. During this investigation, soil moisture was kept gravimetrically at around 70% of water holding capacity to avoid the leach out of soluble metal ions or organic complexes from the soil. By the end of this experiment, plants were harvested and the results indicated significant reductions in root and shoot dry weights and their lengths owing to the application of humic acids at a rate of 20 mg kg-1 versus the control (0 mg HAs kg-1). Increasing the dose of HAs application (up to 50 mg kg-1) led to concurrent significant increases in the abovementioned growth parameters; yet, their values were still below the control plants. Likewise, significant increases were noticeable for PTEs contents within roots and shoots of plants treated with 20 mg HAs kg-1 while increasing the dose of HAs application resulted in significant reductions in their contents versus the lower application dose of HAs. Root-to-shoot translocation factor was >1 for each of Cd and Co, while the corresponding values for Pb were less than one. Unfortunately, all BAF values were below one and this result indicates that basil plants cannot be considered hyperaccumulators for Cd and Co but can be used for successful facilitated phytoextraction of these two contaminants from soil. In conclusion, humic acids although enhanced phytoextraction of the PTEs under study by basil plants, yet they cannot be considered the optimum chelating agent that could facilitate the phytoextraction of soil contaminants under conditions of the soil under study.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids at 20 mg/kg significantly reduced basil root and shoot dry weights relative to the control.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- application of humic acids at a rate of 20 mg kg-1e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot dry weightse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control (0 mg HAs kg-1)e0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e0“the results indicated significant reductions in root and shoot dry weights and their lengths owing to the application of humic acids at a rate of 20 mg kg-1 versus the control (0 mg HAs kg-1)”
e1“A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids at 20 mg/kg significantly reduced basil root and shoot lengths relative to the control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- application of humic acids at a rate of 20 mg kg-1e0
- Outcome
- their lengthse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control (0 mg HAs kg-1)e0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e0“the results indicated significant reductions in root and shoot dry weights and their lengths owing to the application of humic acids at a rate of 20 mg kg-1 versus the control (0 mg HAs kg-1)”
e1“A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing humic acid dose to 50 mg/kg significantly increased the growth parameters of basil, yet they remained below the control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing the dose of HAs application (up to 50 mg kg-1)e2
- Outcome
- abovementioned growth parameterse2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Qualifier
- their values were still below the control plantse2
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e2“Increasing the dose of HAs application (up to 50 mg kg-1) led to concurrent significant increases in the abovementioned growth parameters; yet, their values were still below the control plants”
e1“A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids at 20 mg/kg significantly increased PTE contents within basil roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plants treated with 20 mg HAs kg-1e3
- Outcome
- PTEs contents within roots and shootse3
- Direction
- increasese3
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e3“significant increases were noticeable for PTEs contents within roots and shoots of plants treated with 20 mg HAs kg-1”
e1“A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the humic acid dose to 50 mg/kg significantly reduced PTE contents in basil relative to the lower dose.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing the dose of HAs applicatione3
- Outcome
- PTEs contents within roots and shootse3
- Direction
- reductionse3
- Comparator
- the lower application dose of HAse3
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e3“significant increases were noticeable for PTEs contents within roots and shoots of plants treated with 20 mg HAs kg-1 while increasing the dose of HAs application resulted in significant reductions in their contents versus the lower application dose of HAs”
e1“A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil root-to-shoot translocation factor was above 1 for Cd and Co.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Compound
- Cd and Coe4
- Outcome
- Root-to-shoot translocation factore4
- Value
- >1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e4“Root-to-shoot translocation factor was >1 for each of Cd and Co, while the corresponding values for Pb were less than one”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil root-to-shoot translocation factor for Pb was less than one.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Compound
- Pbe4
- Outcome
- Root-to-shoot translocation factore4
- Direction
- less thane4
- Value
- less than onee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e4“Root-to-shoot translocation factor was >1 for each of Cd and Co, while the corresponding values for Pb were less than one”
Claim · model-written summary
All basil bioconcentration factors were below one.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- BAF valuese5
- Value
- below onee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e5“all BAF values were below one and this result indicates that basil plants cannot be considered hyperaccumulators for Cd and Co”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil plants cannot be considered hyperaccumulators for Cd and Co but can be used for facilitated phytoextraction of these two contaminants.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- successful facilitated phytoextraction of these two contaminantse5
- Qualifier
- cannot be considered hyperaccumulators for Cd and Coe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e5“all BAF values were below one and this result indicates that basil plants cannot be considered hyperaccumulators for Cd and Co but can be used for successful facilitated phytoextraction of these two contaminants from soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids enhanced phytoextraction of the PTEs under study by basil plants.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- humic acidse6
- Outcome
- phytoextraction of the PTEse6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e6“humic acids although enhanced phytoextraction of the PTEs under study by basil plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids cannot be considered the optimum chelating agent for phytoextraction of soil contaminants under the soil conditions studied.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- optimum chelating agente6
- Qualifier
- under conditions of the soil under studye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“by Basil Plants”
e6“yet they cannot be considered the optimum chelating agent that could facilitate the phytoextraction of soil contaminants under conditions of the soil under study”
The same questions in other papers
other · growth · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.