Abstract
Water and nitrogen (N) deficiencies are the major limitations to crop production, particularly when they occur simultaneously. By supporting metabolism, even when tissue water capacity is lower, nitrogen and priming may reduce drought pressure on plants. Therefore, the current study investigates the impact of nitrogen and priming on wheat to minimize post-anthesis drought stress. Plant morphology, physiology, and biochemical changes were observed before, during, and after stress at the post-anthesis stage. The plants were exposed to three water levels, i.e., well watering (WW), water deficit (WD), and priming at jointing and water deficit (PJWD) at the post-anthesis stage, and two different nitrogen levels, i.e., N180 (N1) and N300 (N2). Nitrogen was applied in three splits, namely, sowing, jointing, and booting stages. The results showed that the photosynthesis of plants with N1 was significantly reduced under drought stress. Moreover, drought stress affected chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and water-related parameters (osmotic potential, leaf water potential, and relative water content), grain filling duration (GFD), and grain yield. In contrast, PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment (N300 kg ha –1 ) induced the antioxidant activity of peroxidase (37.5%), superoxide dismutase (29.64%), and catalase (65.66%) in flag leaves, whereas the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide anion radical (O 2 – ) declined by 58.56 and 66.64%, respectively. However, during the drought period, the primed plants under high nitrogen treatment (N300 kg ha –1 ) maintained higher Chl content, leaf water potential, and lowered lipid peroxidation (61%) (related to higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). Plants under high nitrogen treatment (N300 kg ha –1 ) showed deferred senescence, improved GFD, and grain yield. Consequently, the research showed that high nitrogen dose (N300 kg ha –1 ) played a synergistic role in enhancing the drought tolerance effects of priming under post-anthesis drought stress in wheat.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced photosynthesis in wheat plants with N1.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Qualifier
- plants with N1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“photosynthesis of plants with N1 was significantly reduced under drought stress”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress affected chlorophyll fluorescence in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescencee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought stress affected chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress affected water-related parameters in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- water-related parameters (osmotic potential, leaf water potential, and relative water content)e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought stress affected chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence”
e3“water-related parameters (osmotic potential, leaf water potential, and relative water content)”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress affected grain filling duration in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- grain filling duration (GFD)e4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought stress affected chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence”
e4“grain filling duration (GFD), and grain yield”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress affected grain yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“drought stress affected chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence”
e4“grain filling duration (GFD), and grain yield”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PJWD with high nitrogen induced the antioxidant activity of peroxidase in flag leaves by 37.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese1
- Treatment
- PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatmente2
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity of peroxidasee0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 37.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced the antioxidant activity of peroxidase (37.5%)”
e1“catalase (65.66%) in flag leaves”
e2“PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PJWD with high nitrogen induced superoxide dismutase activity in flag leaves by 29.64%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese2
- Treatment
- PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatmente3
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- inducede1
- Value
- 29.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (29.64%)”
e1“induced the antioxidant activity of”
e2“catalase (65.66%) in flag leaves”
e3“PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PJWD with high nitrogen induced catalase activity in flag leaves by 65.66%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatmente2
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- inducede1
- Value
- 65.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (65.66%) in flag leaves”
e1“induced the antioxidant activity of”
e2“PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PJWD with high nitrogen lowered hydrogen peroxide levels by 58.56%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatmente2
- Outcome
- the levels of hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- declinede1
- Value
- 58.56e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of hydrogen peroxide”
e1“declined by 58.56 and 66.64%, respectively”
e2“PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PJWD with high nitrogen lowered superoxide anion radical levels by 66.64%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatmente2
- Outcome
- superoxide anion radicale1
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 66.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“declined by 58.56 and 66.64%, respectively”
e1“superoxide anion radical”
e2“PJWD couple with high nitrogen treatment”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed plants under high nitrogen maintained higher chlorophyll content and leaf water potential during drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- primed plants under high nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- Chl content, leaf water potentiale1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primed plants under high nitrogen treatment”
e1“maintained higher Chl content, leaf water potential”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed plants under high nitrogen lowered lipid peroxidation by 61%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- primed plants under high nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Value
- 61%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primed plants under high nitrogen treatment”
e1“lowered lipid peroxidation (61%)”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid peroxidation was lowered in association with higher ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutasee1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowered lipid peroxidation (61%)”
e1“related to higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment deferred senescence in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Plants under high nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- senescencee1
- Direction
- deferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants under high nitrogen treatment”
e1“showed deferred senescence”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment improved grain filling duration in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Plants under high nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- GFDe1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants under high nitrogen treatment”
e1“improved GFD, and grain yield”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen treatment improved grain yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Plants under high nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants under high nitrogen treatment”
e1“improved GFD, and grain yield”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen dose played a synergistic role in enhancing the drought tolerance effects of priming in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen dosee1
- Outcome
- drought tolerance effects of priminge0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“played a synergistic role in enhancing the drought tolerance effects of priming”
e1“high nitrogen dose”
t0“drought stress in wheat”
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See all 101 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.