Abstract
Root-associated endophytic fungi like Serendipita indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve plant growth and root construction, but the potential mechanism is unclear. In this study, Funneliformis mosseae (an AM fungus) and S. indica, singly or in combination were inoculated into trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings, to assess changes in biomass and root morphological traits, coupled with auxins and cytokinins concentrations in leaves and roots and the expression of auxin synthesis and transporter protein genes. After 20 weeks of inoculation with these fungi, shoot and root biomass, root total length, taproot length, average diameter, surface area, volume, and the number of lateral roots in 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order were improved, and S. indica showed a relatively greater effect than F. mosseae and dual inoculation. Endophytic fungal inoculation also significantly increased the concentration of indoleacetic acid, indole butyric acid, trans-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyl adenine in leaves and roots, whilst F. mosseae and S. indica exhibited relatively greater effects on leaves and roots, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that both biomass and root morphological traits (except root projected area) were significantly positively associated with endogenous auxins and cytokinins. In addition, the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants, among which F. mosseae and S. indica showed better effects in leaves and roots, respectively. These results suggest that root-associated endophytic fungi improved plant growth and root architecture, which were associated with changes in endogenous auxins and cytokinins.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with these root endophytic fungi improved shoot and root biomass of trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orange
Citrus trifoliatat0 - Treatment
- inoculation with these fungie0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e0“After 20 weeks of inoculation with these fungi, shoot and root biomass, root total length, taproot length, average diameter, surface area, volume, and the number of lateral roots in 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order were improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with these root endophytic fungi improved root total length, taproot length and average diameter of trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with these fungie0
- Outcome
- root total length, taproot length, average diametere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e0“After 20 weeks of inoculation with these fungi, shoot and root biomass, root total length, taproot length, average diameter, surface area, volume, and the number of lateral roots in 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order were improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with these root endophytic fungi improved surface area, volume and lateral root number in the 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd-order of trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with these fungie0
- Outcome
- surface area, volume, and the number of lateral roots in 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-ordere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e0“After 20 weeks of inoculation with these fungi, shoot and root biomass, root total length, taproot length, average diameter, surface area, volume, and the number of lateral roots in 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order were improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica (S. indica) had a relatively greater effect on trifoliate orange than F. mosseae and dual inoculation.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- S. indicae1
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Second interactor
- F. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee1symbiont - Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- relativelye1
- Comparator
- F. mosseae and dual inoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e1“S. indica showed a relatively greater effect than F. mosseae and dual inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic fungal inoculation significantly increased leaf and root concentrations of indoleacetic acid and indole butyric acid in trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse2
- Treatment
- Endophytic fungal inoculatione2
- Outcome
- concentration of indoleacetic acid, indole butyric acide2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e2“Endophytic fungal inoculation also significantly increased the concentration of indoleacetic acid, indole butyric acid, trans-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyl adenine in leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic fungal inoculation significantly increased leaf and root concentrations of trans-zeatin, dihydrozeatin and isopentenyl adenine in trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse2
- Treatment
- Endophytic fungal inoculatione2
- Outcome
- trans-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyl adeninee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e2“Endophytic fungal inoculation also significantly increased the concentration of indoleacetic acid, indole butyric acid, trans-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyl adenine in leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae had a relatively greater effect on leaves of trifoliate orange than S. indica.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- F. mosseaee3
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee3symbiont
- Second interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae3symbiont
- Outcome
- effectse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Qualifier
- relativelye3
- Comparator
- S. indicae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e3“whilst F. mosseae and S. indica exhibited relatively greater effects on leaves and roots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
S. indica had a relatively greater effect on roots of trifoliate orange than F. mosseae.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- S. indicae3
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae3symbiont
- Second interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee3symbiont
- Outcome
- effectse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Qualifier
- relativelye3
- Comparator
- F. mosseaee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e3“whilst F. mosseae and S. indica exhibited relatively greater effects on leaves and roots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated trifoliate orange plants had higher expression of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes PtTAA1, PtTAR2 and PtYUC3 than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Gene
- PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3e5
- Outcome
- expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e5“the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated trifoliate orange plants had higher expression of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes PtYUC4, PtYUC6 and PtYUC8 than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Gene
- PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8e5
- Outcome
- expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e5“the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated trifoliate orange plants had higher expression of indoleacetic acid transporter genes PtAUX1, PtLAX1 and PtLAX2 than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Gene
- PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2e5
- Outcome
- indoleacetic acid transporter protein genese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e5“the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated trifoliate orange plants had higher expression of indoleacetic acid transporter genes PtLAX3, PtPIN1 and PtPIN3 than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Gene
- PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3e5
- Outcome
- indoleacetic acid transporter protein genese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e5“the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated trifoliate orange plants had higher expression of indoleacetic acid transporter genes PtPIN4, PtABCB1 and PtABCB19 than non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Gene
- PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19e5
- Outcome
- indoleacetic acid transporter protein genese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e5“the inoculated plants recorded comparatively higher expression levels of indoleacetic acid synthesis genes (PtTAA1, PtTAR2, PtYUC3, PtYUC4, PtYUC6, and PtYUC8) and indoleacetic acid transporter protein genes (PtAUX1, PtLAX1, PtLAX2, PtLAX3, PtPIN1, PtPIN3, PtPIN4, PtABCB1, and PtABCB19) than the non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot and root biomass and root morphological traits were significantly positively associated with endogenous auxins and cytokinins in trifoliate orange.
- Taxon
- trifoliate orangeCitrus trifoliatat0
- Compound
- endogenous auxins and cytokininse4
- Outcome
- biomass and root morphological traitse4
- Direction
- positively associatede4
- Qualifier
- except root projected areae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root morphology of trifoliate orange”
e4“Correlation analysis revealed that both biomass and root morphological traits (except root projected area) were significantly positively associated with endogenous auxins and cytokinins”
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