Abstract
Fertilizer management is vital for sustainable agriculture under climate change. Reduced basal and increased topdressing fertilizer rate (RBIT) has been reported to improve the yield of in–season rice or wheat. However, the effect of RBIT on rice and wheat yield stability and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential is unknown, especially when combined with straw incorporation. Here, we report the effect of RBIT with/without straw incorporation on crop yields, yield stability, SOC stock, and SOC fractions in the lower Yangtze River rice–wheat system region over nine years. RBIT with/without straw incorporation significantly increased nine–year average and annual rice yields but not wheat yields. Compared with conventional fertilization ( CF ), RBIT did not significantly affect wheat or rice yield stability, but combined with straw incorporation, it increased the sustainable yield index (SYI) of wheat and rice by 7.6 and 12.8%, respectively. RBIT produced a higher C sequestration rate (0.20 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ) than CF (0.06 Mg ha −1 year −1 ) in the 0–20 cm layer due to higher root C input and lower C mineralization rate, and RBIT in combination with straw incorporation produced the highest C sequestration rate (0.47 Mg ha −1 year −1 ). Long–term RBIT had a greater positive effect on silt+clay (0.053 mm)–associated C, microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C, and hot water organic C in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than in the subsurface layer (10–20 cm). In particular, the increases in SOC pools and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates were greater when RBIT was combined with straw incorporation. Correlation analysis indicated that topsoil SOC fractions and MWD were positively correlated with the SYI of wheat and rice. Our findings suggest that the long–term application of RBIT combined with straw incorporation contributed to improving the sustainability of rice production and SOC sequestration in a rice–wheat system.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT increased nine-year average and annual rice yields.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- RBIT with/without straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- nine–year average and annual rice yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RBIT with/without straw incorporation significantly increased nine–year average and annual rice yields”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT did not significantly increase wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- RBIT with/without straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RBIT with/without straw incorporation significantly increased nine–year average and annual rice yields but not wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT alone did not significantly affect wheat yield stability versus conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- RBITe0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with conventional fertilization ( CF ), RBIT did not significantly affect wheat or rice yield stability”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT alone did not significantly affect rice yield stability versus conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RBITe0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with conventional fertilization ( CF ), RBIT did not significantly affect wheat or rice yield stability”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT with straw increased wheat sustainable yield index by 7.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- RBITe1
- Outcome
- sustainable yield index (SYI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.6e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined with straw incorporation, it increased the sustainable yield index (SYI) of wheat and rice by 7.6 and 12.8%, respectively”
e1“Compared with conventional fertilization ( CF ), RBIT did not significantly affect wheat or rice yield stability, but combined with straw incorporation, it increased the sustainable yield index (SYI) of wheat and rice by 7.6 and 12.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT with straw increased rice sustainable yield index by 12.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RBITe1
- Outcome
- sustainable yield index (SYI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined with straw incorporation, it increased the sustainable yield index (SYI) of wheat and rice by 7.6 and 12.8%, respectively”
e1“Compared with conventional fertilization ( CF ), RBIT did not significantly affect wheat or rice yield stability, but combined with straw incorporation, it increased the sustainable yield index (SYI) of wheat and rice by 7.6 and 12.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT raised carbon sequestration rate to 0.20 Mg C ha −1 year −1 versus 0.06 under conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBITe0
- Outcome
- C sequestration ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.20 Mg C ha −1 year −1e0
- Qualifier
- 0.06 Mg ha −1 year −1e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RBIT produced a higher C sequestration rate (0.20 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ) than CF (0.06 Mg ha −1 year −1 ) in the 0–20 cm layer”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
RBIT with straw produced the highest carbon sequestration rate, 0.47 Mg ha −1 year −1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBIT in combination with straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- C sequestration ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.47 Mg ha −1 year −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RBIT in combination with straw incorporation produced the highest C sequestration rate (0.47 Mg ha −1 year −1 )”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term RBIT had a stronger positive effect on four organic-carbon pools in surface than subsurface soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Long–term RBITe0
- Outcome
- silt+clay (0.053 mm)–associated C, microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C, and hot water organic Ce0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- surface layer (0–10 cm)e0
- Comparator
- subsurface layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long–term RBIT had a greater positive effect on silt+clay (0.053 mm)–associated C, microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C, and hot water organic C in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than in the subsurface layer (10–20 cm).”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding straw to RBIT produced larger increases in soil organic carbon pools and aggregate mean weight diameter.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBIT was combined with straw incorporatione0
- Outcome
- SOC pools and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregatese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increases in SOC pools and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates were greater when RBIT was combined with straw incorporation”
t0“rice–wheat system”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil organic-carbon fractions and aggregate mean weight diameter correlated positively with wheat sustainable yield index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- SYIe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- topsoil SOC fractions and MWDe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“topsoil SOC fractions and MWD were positively correlated with the SYI of wheat and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil organic-carbon fractions and aggregate mean weight diameter correlated positively with rice sustainable yield index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SYIe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- topsoil SOC fractions and MWDe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“topsoil SOC fractions and MWD were positively correlated with the SYI of wheat and rice”
The same questions in other papers
organic · soil: chemistry · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
59 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →fertilization · soil: biology · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
87 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
95 papers more in this group
See all 99 papers →fertilization · soil: chemistry · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
279 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
301 papers more in this group
See all 305 papers →organic · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
40 papers in the same direction as this paper · 281 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
318 papers more in this group
See all 322 papers →organic · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
278 papers in the same direction as this paper · 37 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
323 papers more in this group
See all 327 papers →fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.