Abstract
Pot trials were performed to explore the impacts of seed priming (SPr) plus leaf treatment (LTr) with trans-zeatin-type cytokinin (tZck; 0.05 mM) and silymarin (Sim; 0.5 mM) on growth, yield, physio-biochemical responses, and antioxidant defense systems in Cd-stressed wheat. tZck + Sim applied as SPr + LTr was more effective than individual treatments, and the impacts were more pronounced under stress conditions. Cd stress (0.6 mM) severely declined growth and yield traits, and photosynthesis efficiency (pigment contents, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and photochemical activity) compared to the control. These negative impacts coincided with increased levels of Cd2+, O2•− (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), MDA (malondialdehyde), and EL (electrolyte leakage). Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities, and tZck and Sim contents were also increased. However, tZck + Sim increased photosynthesis efficiency, and further boosted antioxidant activities, and contents of tZck and Sim, while minimizing Cd2+ levels in roots, leaves, and grains. The levels of O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and EL were also minimized, reflecting positively on growth and productivity. tZck + Sim applied as SPr + LTr was highly effective in promoting antioxidants and photosynthesis machineries, minimizing oxidative stress biomarkers and Cd2+ levels, boosting tolerance to Cd stress, and improving wheat productivity under Cd stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress lowered wheat growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cd stress (0.6 mM)e0
- Outcome
- growth and yield traitse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress (0.6 mM) severely declined growth and yield traits, and photosynthesis efficiency (pigment contents, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and photochemical activity) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress lowered photosynthesis efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cd stress (0.6 mM)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis efficiencye0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress (0.6 mM) severely declined growth and yield traits, and photosynthesis efficiency (pigment contents, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and photochemical activity) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress raised cadmium and oxidative stress indicators.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- levels of Cd2+, O2•− (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These negative impacts coincided with increased levels of Cd2+, O2•− (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), MDA (malondialdehyde), and EL (electrolyte leakage).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress raised MDA and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- MDA (malondialdehyde), and EL (electrolyte leakage)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These negative impacts coincided with increased levels of Cd2+, O2•− (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), MDA (malondialdehyde), and EL (electrolyte leakage).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activities and trans-zeatin and silymarin contents increased under stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities, and tZck and Sim contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities, and tZck and Sim contents were also increased.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment was more effective than individual treatments, especially under stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- under stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tZck + Sim applied as SPr + LTr was more effective than individual treatments, and the impacts were more pronounced under stress conditions.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased photosynthesis efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tZck + Sime0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, tZck + Sim increased photosynthesis efficiency, and further boosted antioxidant activities, and contents of tZck and Sim, while minimizing Cd2+ levels in roots, leaves, and grains.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment boosted antioxidant activity and trans-zeatin and silymarin content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tZck + Sime0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activities, and contents of tZck and Sime0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, tZck + Sim increased photosynthesis efficiency, and further boosted antioxidant activities, and contents of tZck and Sim, while minimizing Cd2+ levels in roots, leaves, and grains.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced cadmium levels in roots, leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, leaves, and grainse0
- Treatment
- tZck + Sime0
- Outcome
- Cd2+ levelse0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, tZck + Sim increased photosynthesis efficiency, and further boosted antioxidant activities, and contents of tZck and Sim, while minimizing Cd2+ levels in roots, leaves, and grains.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced oxidative stress indicators.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- levels of O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and ELe0
- Direction
- minimizede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and EL were also minimized, reflecting positively on growth and productivity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved growth and productivity under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and EL were also minimized, reflecting positively on growth and productivity.”
t0“Wheat”
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