Abstract
Delayed sowing mitigates lodging in wheat. However, the mechanism underlying the enhanced lodging resistance in wheat has yet to be fully elucidated. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on lignin and cellulose metabolism, stem morphological characteristics, lodging resistance, and grain yield. Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons. The results showed that late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose. Under late sowing, the expression levels of key genes (TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities (TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier, and except for the TaPAL, TaCCR, and TaCesA1 genes and TaPAL, in most cases they were significantly higher than under normal sowing. As a result, lignin and cellulose accumulated quickly during the stem elongation stage. The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged. Consequently, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content were increased from 0 day and the cellulose content was increased from 11 days after jointing onward. Our main finding is that the improved biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose were responsible for increasing the stem-filling degree, breaking strength, and lodging resistance. The major functional genes enhancing lodging resistance in wheat that are induced by delayed sowing need to be determined.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing enhanced lodging resistance of winter wheat compared with normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- Tainong 18e2
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
- Setting
- Field experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on lignin and cellulose metabolism, stem morphological characteristics, lodging resistance, and grain yield”
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that improved biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose are responsible for higher stem-filling degree, breaking strength and lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- lignin and cellulosee6
- Outcome
- stem-filling degree, breaking strength, and lodging resistancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e6“Our main finding is that the improved biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose were responsible for increasing the stem-filling degree, breaking strength, and lodging resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the expression levels of key lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes peaked 4–12 days earlier than under normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Gene
- TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8e3
- Outcome
- expression levels of key genese3
- Direction
- earliere3
- Value
- 4–12 dayse3
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e3“the expression levels of key genes (TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities (TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the enzyme activities of TaPAL and TaCAD peaked 4–12 days earlier than under normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Gene
- TaPAL and TaCADe3
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese3
- Direction
- earliere3
- Value
- 4–12 dayse3
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e3“the expression levels of key genes (TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities (TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases, under late sowing the expression levels of key lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes were significantly higher than under normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Outcome
- expression levels of key genese3
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- except for the TaPAL, TaCCR, and TaCesA1 genes and TaPALe4
- Comparator
- normal sowinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e3“the expression levels of key genes (TaPAL, TaCCR, TaCOMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities (TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier”
e4“except for the TaPAL, TaCCR, and TaCesA1 genes and TaPAL, in most cases they were significantly higher than under normal sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, lignin and cellulose accumulated quickly during the stem elongation stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- stem elongation stagee5
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Outcome
- lignin and cellulosee5
- Direction
- accumulated quicklye5
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e5“As a result, lignin and cellulose accumulated quickly during the stem elongation stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Compound
- lignin and cellulosee6
- Outcome
- mean and maximum accumulation ratese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e6“The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher than under normal sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Compound
- lignin and cellulosee6
- Outcome
- maximum accumulation contentse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e6“The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Compound
- cellulosee6
- Outcome
- cellulose accumulation duratione6
- Direction
- prolongede6
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e6“The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content increased from 0 day.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Compound
- lignine7
- Outcome
- lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin contente7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- from 0 daye7
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e7“Consequently, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content were increased from 0 day and the cellulose content was increased from 11 days after jointing onward”
Claim · model-written summary
Under late sowing, the cellulose content increased from 11 days after jointing onward.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Compound
- cellulosee7
- Outcome
- cellulose contente7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- 11 days after jointing onwarde7
- Comparator
- normal sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose”
e2“Seeds of Tainong 18, a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons”
e7“Consequently, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content were increased from 0 day and the cellulose content was increased from 11 days after jointing onward”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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