Abstract
Soybean is an important upland crop, but its productivity is often limited by anaerobic stress caused by waterlogging. The ability to adjust root growth under environmental constraints is an important physiological trait for adapting to an ever-changing environment, and root pruning is an artificial technique for regenerating the root system. In the present study, we investigated whether root pruning in soybean can effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of anaerobic stress. Soybean plants were affected by anaerobic stress at the germination, vegetative stage 1 (V1), and reproductive stage 1 (R1) stages, and then the plants were treated with root pruning just after the stress treatment. Soybean plants at the germination stage were treated with root cap and tip removals after hypoxia (N2 treatment). Root cap removal was more effective in suppressing the inhibitory effects of hypoxia than root tip removal (5 mm from the tip). The shoot dry weights of the soybean plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 51.2 and 73.8% of the control, respectively, while the root dry weights of plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 43.2 and 62.8% of the control, respectively. As root cap removal effectively enhanced soybean growth after anaerobic stress, the root cap may be the candidate tissue for the stress memory mechanism. When soybean plants at the V1 stage of growth were affected by anaerobic stress, the branch number, pod weight in the main stem, root length, and root surface area of the soybean plants treated with anaerobic stress at the R1 stage significantly decreased compared with those of the control. In contrast, root pruning (2 mm from the tip) immediately after the stress treatment enhanced root growth, branch number, and pod weight. The branch number, pod weight, root length, and root surface area of the plants treated with root pruning were 1.13, 1.14, 1.12, and 1.13 times higher than those of plants treated with anaerobic stress. Plasmolysis was observed in the root meristem, columella, and cortical cells in soybean roots subjected to anaerobic conditions. However, damage was not observed in the newly emerged roots after root pruning in plants treated with anaerobic stress. These results suggested that root pruning is effective in enhancing soybean growth after anaerobic stress. This effectiveness may be due to the regeneration and elongation of healthy lateral roots during the recovery period. When soybean plants were affected by anaerobic stress at the R1 stage, root pruning just after the stress treatment was ineffective. Thus, suppressing the growth reduction due to anaerobic stress at reproductive stages using only root pruning may be difficult.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Root cap removal after hypoxia was more effective than root tip removal in suppressing the inhibitory effects of hypoxia on soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- root cap removale1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effects of hypoxiae1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- root tip removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e1“Root cap removal was more effective in suppressing the inhibitory effects of hypoxia than root tip removal (5 mm from the tip)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry weight with root cap removal after hypoxia was 51.2% of the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root cap removal after hypoxiae2
- Outcome
- shoot dry weightse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 51.2e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e2“The shoot dry weights of the soybean plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 51.2 and 73.8% of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry weight after hypoxia without root cap removal was 73.8% of the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae2
- Outcome
- shoot dry weightse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 73.8e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e2“The shoot dry weights of the soybean plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 51.2 and 73.8% of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight with root cap removal after hypoxia was 43.2% of the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root cap removal after hypoxiae3
- Outcome
- root dry weightse3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Value
- 43.2e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e3“the root dry weights of plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 43.2 and 62.8% of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight after hypoxia without root cap removal was 62.8% of the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae3
- Outcome
- root dry weightse3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Value
- 62.8e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e3“the root dry weights of plants with and without root cap removal after hypoxia were 43.2 and 62.8% of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The root cap may be the candidate tissue for a stress memory mechanism in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- root cape4
- Outcome
- stress memory mechanisme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e4“As root cap removal effectively enhanced soybean growth after anaerobic stress, the root cap may be the candidate tissue for the stress memory mechanism”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaerobic stress at the R1 stage significantly decreased branch number, pod weight in the main stem and root length compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- anaerobic stress at the R1 stagee5
- Outcome
- branch number, pod weight in the main stem, root lengthe5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e5“When soybean plants at the V1 stage of growth were affected by anaerobic stress, the branch number, pod weight in the main stem, root length, and root surface area of the soybean plants treated with anaerobic stress at the R1 stage significantly decreased compared with those of the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaerobic stress at the R1 stage significantly decreased root surface area compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- anaerobic stress at the R1 stagee5
- Outcome
- root surface areae5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e5“When soybean plants at the V1 stage of growth were affected by anaerobic stress, the branch number, pod weight in the main stem, root length, and root surface area of the soybean plants treated with anaerobic stress at the R1 stage significantly decreased compared with those of the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Root pruning increased branch number 1.13 times relative to plants treated with anaerobic stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root pruninge6
- Outcome
- branch numbere6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 1.13e6
- Comparator
- plants treated with anaerobic stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e6“The branch number, pod weight, root length, and root surface area of the plants treated with root pruning were 1.13, 1.14, 1.12, and 1.13 times higher than those of plants treated with anaerobic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Root pruning increased pod weight 1.14 times relative to plants treated with anaerobic stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root pruninge6
- Outcome
- pod weighte6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 1.14e6
- Comparator
- plants treated with anaerobic stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e6“The branch number, pod weight, root length, and root surface area of the plants treated with root pruning were 1.13, 1.14, 1.12, and 1.13 times higher than those of plants treated with anaerobic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Root pruning increased root length 1.12 times relative to plants treated with anaerobic stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root pruninge6
- Outcome
- root lengthe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 1.12e6
- Comparator
- plants treated with anaerobic stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e6“The branch number, pod weight, root length, and root surface area of the plants treated with root pruning were 1.13, 1.14, 1.12, and 1.13 times higher than those of plants treated with anaerobic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Root pruning increased root surface area 1.13 times relative to plants treated with anaerobic stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root pruninge6
- Outcome
- root surface areae6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 1.13e6
- Comparator
- plants treated with anaerobic stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e6“The branch number, pod weight, root length, and root surface area of the plants treated with root pruning were 1.13, 1.14, 1.12, and 1.13 times higher than those of plants treated with anaerobic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Plasmolysis was observed in the root meristem, columella and cortical cells of soybean roots under anaerobic conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- root meristem, columella, and cortical cellse7
- Treatment
- anaerobic conditionse7
- Outcome
- Plasmolysise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e7“Plasmolysis was observed in the root meristem, columella, and cortical cells in soybean roots subjected to anaerobic conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage was not observed in newly emerged roots after root pruning in plants treated with anaerobic stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- newly emerged rootse7
- Treatment
- root pruninge7
- Outcome
- damagee7
- Qualifier
- not observede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e7“However, damage was not observed in the newly emerged roots after root pruning in plants treated with anaerobic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of root pruning may be due to regeneration and elongation of healthy lateral roots during recovery.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- effectivenesse7
- Qualifier
- regeneration and elongation of healthy lateral rootse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e7“This effectiveness may be due to the regeneration and elongation of healthy lateral roots during the recovery period”
Claim · model-written summary
Root pruning just after anaerobic stress at the R1 stage was ineffective, so growth reduction at reproductive stages may be difficult to suppress with root pruning alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- root pruning just after the stress treatmente1
- Outcome
- growth reduction due to anaerobic stresse2
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean is an important upland crop”
e1“When soybean plants were affected by anaerobic stress at the R1 stage, root pruning just after the stress treatment was ineffective”
e2“suppressing the growth reduction due to anaerobic stress at reproductive stages using only root pruning may be difficult”
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