Abstract
Balangu is a medicinal plant used in the Iranian traditional medicine to treat nervous, hepatic and renal diseases. To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs) on the physiological and biochemical properties of balangu (Lallemantia iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) under different irrigation levels, an experiment was laid out as a factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The first factor was represented by different irrigation regimes, including no water deficit (90% FC), mild water deficit (60% FC) and severe water deficit (30% FC); the second factor included control (no Myco-Root and Cs-NPs), inoculation with Myco-Root biofertilizer, foliar application of chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs) and co-application of Cs-NPs along with Myco-Root. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indices were obtained in 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root. In addition, the maximum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) was achieved in 60% FC with application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root. Moreover, the maximum essential oil content (1.43%) and yield (0.25 g pot−1) were recorded in 60% FC following the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root. Chemical analysis of essential oil showed that germacrene D (31.22–39.77%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.28–19.82%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1–9.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.85–6.96%) were the major volatile constituents of balangu. Interestingly, the maximum contents of germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene were recorded in 60% FC after the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root. Overall, it can be concluded that co-application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root could be a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for improving the essential oil quantity and quality, as well as physiological characteristics, of balangu under water deficit conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 90% FC maximized fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)
Dracocephalum ibericumt0 - Treatment
- 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indices were obtained in 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 90% FC maximized chlorophyll and carotenoid content.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indices were obtained in 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 90% FC maximized chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indices.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indicese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and fluorescence indices were obtained in 90% FC treated with Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 60% FC maximized SOD, APX and POX activity.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FC with application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, the maximum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) was achieved in 60% FC with application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60% FC combined application maximized essential oil content.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FC following the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- essential oil contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the maximum essential oil content (1.43%) and yield (0.25 g pot−1) were recorded in 60% FC following the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60% FC combined application maximized yield.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FC following the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.25 g pot−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the maximum essential oil content (1.43%) and yield (0.25 g pot−1) were recorded in 60% FC following the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
germacrene D was a major balangu essential oil constituent.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Outcome
- germacrene De0
- Value
- 31.22–39.77%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis of essential oil showed that germacrene D (31.22–39.77%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.28–19.82%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1–9.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.85–6.96%) were the major volatile constituents of balangu.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
(E)-caryophyllene was a major balangu essential oil constituent.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Outcome
- (E)-caryophyllenee0
- Value
- 16.28–19.82%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis of essential oil showed that germacrene D (31.22–39.77%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.28–19.82%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1–9.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.85–6.96%) were the major volatile constituents of balangu.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
bicyclogermacrene was a major balangu essential oil constituent.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Outcome
- bicyclogermacrenee0
- Value
- 7.1–9.22%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis of essential oil showed that germacrene D (31.22–39.77%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.28–19.82%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1–9.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.85–6.96%) were the major volatile constituents of balangu.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
caryophyllene oxide was a major balangu essential oil constituent.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Outcome
- caryophyllene oxidee0
- Value
- 3.85–6.96%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis of essential oil showed that germacrene D (31.22–39.77%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.28–19.82%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1–9.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.85–6.96%) were the major volatile constituents of balangu.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 60% FC maximized germacrene D content.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FC after the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- germacrene De0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interestingly, the maximum contents of germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene were recorded in 60% FC after the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 60% FC maximized (E)-caryophyllene content.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FC after the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Interactor
- Myco-Roote0symbiont
- Outcome
- (E)-caryophyllenee0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interestingly, the maximum contents of germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene were recorded in 60% FC after the application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined Cs-NPs and Myco-Root for balangu essential oil and physiology under water deficit.
- Taxon
- Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)Dracocephalum ibericumt0
- Outcome
- co-application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Roote0
- Qualifier
- under water deficit conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, it can be concluded that co-application of Cs-NPs+ Myco-Root could be a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for improving the essential oil quantity and quality, as well as physiological characteristics, of balangu under water deficit conditions.”
t0“Balangu (Lallemantia iberica)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.