Abstract
The tea root system plays a key role in the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. The effect of integrated fertilizers (Control (CK) (no fertilizers), 100% NPK, 100% NPK withbiochar (NPK + B), 50% NPK with 50% rapeseed cake (NPK + RC), and 100% rapeseed cake (RC))on alterations in root growth characteristics and soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, NUE, and biomass production of tea (Longjing 43) was studied in an Alfisol at the greenhouse of the China Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, during 2020–2021. The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control. NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%). The combinedapplication of RC and NPK fertilizer significantly decreased the specific root surface area (137%) and specific root length (66.8%) compared to the control. Root, stem, leaves, and total biomass were improved by integrated fertilization compared to the control and mineral fertilization. The nutrient content (N,P,K), nutrient uptake, NUE, nutrient uptake per root length, volume, and surface area of tea plants under NPK + RC and NPK + B were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RC and CK. Therefore, the integrated use of rapeseed cake with mineral fertilization in Alfisol should be practiced in tea plantations to improve soil physical environment, root proliferation and root CEC, nutrient uptake, and NUE and achieve higher tea biomass production through the efficient exploitation of nutrients.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake reduced soil penetration resistance by 14.8% relative to control.
- Treatment
- NPK + RCe0
- Outcome
- soil penetration resistancee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake reduced soil bulk density by 8.7% relative to control.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake improved soil porosity by 9.9% relative to control.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake increased tea root surface area by 15% relative to NPK and 40% relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake increased tea root volume relative to NPK and control.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake increased tea root tips relative to NPK and control.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake increased tea root length relative to NPK and control.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake increased tea root CEC relative to NPK and control.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined rapeseed cake and NPK decreased specific root surface area by 137% relative to control.
- Treatment
- RC and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- specific root surface areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 137%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The combinedapplication of RC and NPK fertilizer significantly decreased the specific root surface area (137%) and specific root length (66.8%) compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined rapeseed cake and NPK decreased specific root length by 66.8% relative to control.
- Treatment
- RC and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- specific root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 66.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The combinedapplication of RC and NPK fertilizer significantly decreased the specific root surface area (137%) and specific root length (66.8%) compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated fertilization improved root, stem, leaf and total biomass relative to control and mineral fertilization.
- Treatment
- integrated fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control and mineral fertilizatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Root, stem, leaves, and total biomass were improved by integrated fertilization compared to the control and mineral fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus rapeseed cake raised tea nutrient content, uptake and efficiency relative to rapeseed cake and control.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient content (N,P,K), nutrient uptake, NUE, nutrient uptake per root length, volume, and surface area of tea plants under NPK + RC and NPK + B were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RC and CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar raised tea nutrient content, uptake and efficiency relative to rapeseed cake and control.
Verbatim
e0“The nutrient content (N,P,K), nutrient uptake, NUE, nutrient uptake per root length, volume, and surface area of tea plants under NPK + RC and NPK + B were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RC and CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrating rapeseed cake with mineral fertilizer in tea plantations.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, the integrated use of rapeseed cake with mineral fertilization in Alfisol should be practiced in tea plantations to improve soil physical environment, root proliferation and root CEC, nutrient uptake, and NUE and achieve higher tea biomass production through the efficient exploitation of nutrients.”
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