Abstract
Crop simulation models can be effective tools to assist with optimization of resources for a particular agroecological zone. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of N rates with different timing of application to wheat crop using prominent varieties using the CSM-CERES-Wheat model of the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT). Data were focused for yield traits, i.e., number of tillers, number of grains, grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and grain N content. To test the applicability of the CSM-CERES-Wheat version 4.7.5 model for agroclimatic conditions of Peshawar, Pakistan, experimental data from two years of experiments (2016–17 and 2017–18) were used for model calibration and evaluation. The simulation results of two years agreed well with field measured data for three commercial varieties. The model efficiency (R2) for wheat varieties was above 0.94 for variables tiller number per unit area (m−2), number of grains (m−2) and number of grains (spike−1), 1000 grain weight (mg), biomass weight (kg ha−1), grain yield (kg ha−1), and harvest N content (kg ha−1). Statistics of cultivars indicated that yield traits, yield, and N can be simulated efficiently for agroecological conditions of Peshawar. Moreover, different N rates and application timings suggested that the application of 140 kg N ha−1 with triple splits timings, i.e., 25% at the sowing, 50% at the tillering, and 25% at the booting stage of the crop, resulted in the maximum yield and N recovery for different commercial wheat varieties. Simulated N losses, according to the model, were highly determined by leaching for experimental conditions where a single N application of 100% or existing double splits timing was applied. The study concluded that 140 kg N ha−1 is most appropriate for wheat crop grown on clay loam soils under a flood irrigation system. However, the N fertilizer has to be given in triple splits of a 1:2:1 ratio at the sowing, tillering, and booting stages of the crop growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
CSM-CERES-Wheat model efficiency was above 0.94 for tiller number, number of grains and 1000 grain weight
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- tiller number per unit area (m−2), number of grains (m−2) and number of grains (spike−1), 1000 grain weight (mg)e1
- Value
- above 0.94e1
- Qualifier
- model efficiency (R2)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The model efficiency (R2) for wheat varieties was above 0.94 for variables tiller number per unit area (m−2), number of grains (m−2) and number of grains (spike−1), 1000 grain weight (mg), biomass weight (kg ha−1), grain yield (kg ha−1), and harvest N content (kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
CSM-CERES-Wheat model efficiency was above 0.94 for biomass, grain yield and harvest N content
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- biomass weight (kg ha−1), grain yield (kg ha−1), and harvest N content (kg ha−1)e1
- Value
- above 0.94e1
- Qualifier
- model efficiency (R2)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The model efficiency (R2) for wheat varieties was above 0.94 for variables tiller number per unit area (m−2), number of grains (m−2) and number of grains (spike−1), 1000 grain weight (mg), biomass weight (kg ha−1), grain yield (kg ha−1), and harvest N content (kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated N losses were highly determined by leaching under a single N application of 100% or the existing double split timing
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- a single N application of 100%e2
- Outcome
- Simulated N lossese2
- Qualifier
- highly determined by leachinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Simulated N losses, according to the model, were highly determined by leaching for experimental conditions where a single N application of 100% or existing double splits timing was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple split application of 140 kg N ha−1 at sowing, tillering and booting resulted in maximum yield and N recovery for different commercial wheat varieties
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Material
- different commercial wheat varietiese3
- Treatment
- 140 kg N ha−1 with triple splits timingse3
- Outcome
- yield and N recoverye3
- Direction
- maximume3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the application of 140 kg N ha−1 with triple splits timings, i.e., 25% at the sowing, 50% at the tillering, and 25% at the booting stage of the crop, resulted in the maximum yield and N recovery for different commercial wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
The study concludes that 140 kg N ha−1 is most appropriate for wheat grown on clay loam soils under flood irrigation
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Outcome
- 140 kg N ha−1 is most appropriatee4
- Setting
- clay loam soils under a flood irrigation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The study concluded that 140 kg N ha−1 is most appropriate for wheat crop grown on clay loam soils under a flood irrigation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The N fertilizer should be given in triple splits of a 1:2:1 ratio at sowing, tillering and booting
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Outcome
- the N fertilizer has to be given in triple splits of a 1:2:1 ratioe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The study concluded that 140 kg N ha−1 is most appropriate for wheat crop grown on clay loam soils under a flood irrigation system”
e5“However, the N fertilizer has to be given in triple splits of a 1:2:1 ratio at the sowing, tillering, and booting stages of the crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield traits, yield and N of wheat cultivars can be simulated efficiently for agroecological conditions of Peshawar
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield traits, yield, and N can be simulated efficientlye7
- Setting
- agroecological conditions of Peshaware7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“Statistics of cultivars indicated that yield traits, yield, and N can be simulated efficiently for agroecological conditions of Peshawar”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated results of two years agreed well with field measured data for three commercial wheat varieties
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- simulation resultse6
- Comparator
- field measured datae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“The simulation results of two years agreed well with field measured data for three commercial varieties”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,736 papers in the same direction as this paper · 285 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
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