Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops of Pakistan. The yield of chickpea is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, different nanoparticles are being synthesized and applied to economically important crops. In the present study, Trichoderma harzianum has been used as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Before their application to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide). Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro. In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control. Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen. These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles significantly inhibited mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum in vitro.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming of chickpea with ZnO NPs reduced Fusarium wilt disease incidence in a greenhouse pot experiment by 90% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPse2
- Outcome
- disease incidencee2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Value
- 90%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- greenhouse pot experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e2“In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of chickpea plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPse2
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- greenhouse pot experimente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e2“In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with ZnO NPs led chickpea plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol and total proteins.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Seed priming with ZnO NPse3
- Outcome
- sugars, phenol, total proteinse3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e3“Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with ZnO NPs led chickpea plants to accumulate higher superoxide dismutase (SOD).
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Seed priming with ZnO NPse3
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e3“Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
XRD analysis revealed an average ZnO NP size of 13 nm.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- average sizee4
- Value
- 13 nme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e4“X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
SEM indicated that the ZnO NPs have a spherical structure.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- spherical structuree5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e5“Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure”
Claim · model-written summary
EDX confirmed the oxide formation of the ZnO NPs.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- oxide formatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e6“energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
FTIR showed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines and alkyl halide) on the ZnO NPs.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compoundse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e7“Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide)”
Claim · model-written summary
TEM described the size and shape of the ZnO nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- size and shape of nanoparticlese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e7“Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZnO nanofungicides in powder form can be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume7
- Outcome
- used in the field to control Fusarium wilte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea”
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See all 6 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.