Abstract
This study investigated the impacts of spraying iodine (I) as potassium iodide (KI) and K-iodate (KIO3) with/without calcium chloride (CaCl2) on apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I as well as on fruit quality. ‘Idared’ apple trees were sprayed with I: (i) in the summer, five times at a rate of 0.1 kg ha−1 in each treatment with or without CaCl2 and (ii) preharvest (2 weeks before harvest) at a rate of 0.5 kg ha−1. Iodine concentrations in apples sprayed with this nutrient in the summer varied from 41 to 70 µg 100 g−1 FW. The preharvest I sprays increased apple I concentrations up to 63–69 µg 100 g−1 FW. Only the addition of CaCl2 to the spray solution containing KIO3 enhanced fruit I concentration. The sprays of I with CaCl2 increased apple Ca concentration as well as flesh firmness and contents of organic acids in fruit after storage. The percentage of I losses did not differ between combinations, averaging 11.3%. It is concluded that the summer sprays of KI or KIO3 with CaCl2 should be recommended to biofortify apples with I and improve their Ca-related storability.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Summer iodine sprays gave apple iodine concentrations of 41 to 70 µg 100 g−1 FW.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae6 - Treatment
- sprayed with this nutrient in the summere0
- Outcome
- Iodine concentrationse0
- Value
- 41 to 70 µg 100 g−1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iodine concentrations in apples sprayed with this nutrient in the summer varied from 41 to 70 µg 100 g−1 FW”
e6“apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest iodine sprays increased apple iodine concentrations up to 63–69 µg 100 g−1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- preharvest I sprayse1
- Outcome
- apple I concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 63–69 µg 100 g−1 FWe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The preharvest I sprays increased apple I concentrations up to 63–69 µg 100 g−1 FW”
e6“apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding CaCl2 to the KIO3 spray solution enhanced apple fruit iodine concentration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- addition of CaCl2 to the spray solution containing KIO3e2
- Outcome
- fruit I concentratione2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- spray solution containing KIO3e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Only the addition of CaCl2 to the spray solution containing KIO3 enhanced fruit I concentration”
e6“apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I”
Claim · model-written summary
Iodine sprays with CaCl2 increased apple calcium concentration, flesh firmness and organic acid contents after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- sprays of I with CaCl2e3
- Outcome
- apple Ca concentration as well as flesh firmness and contents of organic acidse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The sprays of I with CaCl2 increased apple Ca concentration as well as flesh firmness and contents of organic acids in fruit after storage”
e6“apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage of iodine losses averaged 11.3% and did not differ between spray combinations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae6
- Outcome
- percentage of I lossese4
- Value
- 11.3%e4
- Qualifier
- did not differ between combinationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The percentage of I losses did not differ between combinations, averaging 11.3%”
e6“apple (Malus domestica Borth.) enrichment with I”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer sprays of KI or KIO3 with CaCl2 should be recommended to biofortify apples with iodine and improve their storability.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae5
- Outcome
- summer sprays of KI or KIO3 with CaCl2e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the summer sprays of KI or KIO3 with CaCl2 should be recommended to biofortify apples with I and improve their Ca-related storability”
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