Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae , is one of the most devastating diseases in cotton ( Gossypium spp.). Lignin in the cell wall forms a physical barrier to inhibit pathogen invasion, and defense-induced lignification reinforces secondary cell wall to prevent pathogens from further spreading. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) catalyze the production of three main monolignols, p -coumaryl- (H), coniferyl- (G), and sinapyl-alcohols (S), which are the fundamental blocks of lignin. Here, we identified CAD genes in G. hirsutum , analyzed their expression profiles in cotton leaf, stem, and root from different developmental stages, and selected GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , and GhCAD43 , which were consistently induced by V. dahliae inoculation in G. hirsutum cultivars resistant or susceptible to V. dahliae . On the basis of confirmation of the in vitro enzymatic activity of the three proteins in generation of the three monolignols, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to investigate the effects of silencing of GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , or GhCAD43 on resistance to V. dahliae as well as on deposition and the composition of lignin. Silencing each of the three CAD s impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae . Moreover, our study showed that silencing the three GhCAD s severely affected the biosynthesis of S-lignin, leading to a decrease of the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , or GhCAD43 in Arabidopsis enhanced disease resistance. Taken together, our study demonstrates a role of the three GhCAD s in defense-induced lignin biosynthesis and resistance to V. dahliae in G. hirsutum .
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
CAD genes were identified in G. hirsutum.
- Taxon
- G. hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Gene
- CAD genese0
- Outcome
- CAD genese0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified CAD genes in G. hirsutum”
Claim · model-written summary
GhCAD35, GhCAD45 and GhCAD43 were induced by pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- G. hirsutumGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- V. dahliae inoculatione0
- Interactor
- V. dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee0pathogen - Gene
- GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , and GhCAD43e0
- Outcome
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , and GhCAD43 , which were consistently induced by V. dahliae inoculation in G. hirsutum cultivars resistant or susceptible to V. dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
The three CAD proteins had in vitro activity generating monolignols.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- three proteinse0
- Outcome
- in vitro enzymatic activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“confirmation of the in vitro enzymatic activity of the three proteins in generation of the three monolignols”
t0“Gossypium hirsutum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing the three CADs impaired defense-induced lignification.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing each of the three CAD se0
- Gene
- three CAD se0
- Outcome
- defense-induced lignificatione0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing each of the three CAD s impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae”
t0“Gossypium hirsutum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing the three CADs impaired stem salicylic acid biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- Silencing each of the three CAD se0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid biosynthesise0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing each of the three CAD s impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae”
t0“Gossypium hirsutum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing the three CADs compromised resistance to V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing each of the three CAD se0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to V. dahliaee0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing each of the three CAD s impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae”
t0“Gossypium hirsutum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing three GhCADs reduced the S/G ratio.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- silencing the three GhCAD se0
- Gene
- three GhCAD se0
- Outcome
- syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing the three GhCAD s severely affected the biosynthesis of S-lignin, leading to a decrease of the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio”
t0“Gossypium hirsutum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of GhCAD35, GhCAD45 or GhCAD43 increased Arabidopsis disease resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , or GhCAD43e0
- Gene
- GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , or GhCAD43e0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35 , GhCAD45 , or GhCAD43 in Arabidopsis enhanced disease resistance”
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