Abstract
Nuclear technology is currently used as a tool in mutation breeding to improve crops by increasing genetic variation. The ionization of gamma rays produces large amounts of free radicals, simulating stressors in the natural environment. To avoid gamma-ray-induced oxidative stress, plants use antioxidant defense systems. Exposure of plants to irradiation can affect the germination, growth, and production of metabolites. Plants' sensitivity to irradiation depends on genetic and environmental factors such as moisture content. For this purpose, the effects of different gamma irradiation doses [0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gray (Gy)] and different seed moisture contents (7, 13, and 19%) on traits such as seed germination, seedling growth, molecular and biochemical alterations in antioxidant enzymes were examined in the current study. Based on the results, the highest seed germination percentage was observed in the interaction effect of seed moisture at 13% with an irradiation dose of 400 Gy (98.89%). Seedling survival percent and seedling length decreased with increasing doses of gamma irradiation at different seed moisture contents. Increasing gamma irradiation doses were reduced root and stem fresh and dry weight, and root and stem length. The highest level of catalase enzyme activity and expression was observed at 200 and 300 Gy irradiation doses at different moisture contents. The peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase gene expression were reduced at all contents of gamma irradiation doses and seed moisture compared to the control. It can be concluded that the dose of 200-300 Gy of gamma irradiation reduced plant growth by 30% in terms of fresh and dry weight and length of plants, as well as enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The results of this study could help plant breeders select an appropriate dose rate in wheat for further research.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The highest germination was 98.89% at 13% seed moisture and 400 Gy irradiation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- seed moisture at 13% with an irradiation dose of 400 Gye0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 98.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“highest seed germination percentage was observed in the interaction effect of seed moisture at 13% with an irradiation dose of 400 Gy (98.89%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling survival decreased as gamma dose increased across seed moisture contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of gamma irradiatione0
- Outcome
- Seedling survival percente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Seedling survival percent and seedling length decreased with increasing doses of gamma irradiation at different seed moisture contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling length decreased as gamma dose increased across seed moisture contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of gamma irradiatione0
- Outcome
- seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Seedling survival percent and seedling length decreased with increasing doses of gamma irradiation at different seed moisture contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irradiation doses reduced root and stem fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing gamma irradiation dosese0
- Outcome
- root and stem fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Increasing gamma irradiation doses were reduced root and stem fresh and dry weight, and root and stem length”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irradiation doses reduced root and stem length.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing gamma irradiation dosese0
- Outcome
- root and stem lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Increasing gamma irradiation doses were reduced root and stem fresh and dry weight, and root and stem length”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity was highest at 200 and 300 Gy across moisture contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 and 300 Gy irradiation dosese0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“highest level of catalase enzyme activity and expression was observed at 200 and 300 Gy irradiation doses at different moisture contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase expression was highest at 200 and 300 Gy across moisture contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 and 300 Gy irradiation dosese0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activity and expressione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“highest level of catalase enzyme activity and expression was observed at 200 and 300 Gy irradiation doses at different moisture contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase expression fell at all tested irradiation doses and moisture contents versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gamma irradiation doses and seed moisturee0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“The peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase gene expression were reduced at all contents of gamma irradiation doses and seed moisture compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol oxidase expression fell at all tested irradiation doses and moisture contents versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gamma irradiation doses and seed moisturee0
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“The peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase gene expression were reduced at all contents of gamma irradiation doses and seed moisture compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200–300 Gy, irradiation reduced plant growth by 30% in weight and length.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200-300 Gy of gamma irradiatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“the dose of 200-300 Gy of gamma irradiation reduced plant growth by 30% in terms of fresh and dry weight and length of plants”
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