Abstract
Irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application are two important factors affecting yield and nitrogen loss in rice fields; however, the interaction effects of different irrigation schedules and combined management of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and nitrogen loss in rice fields remain unknown. Therefore, we collected 327 sets of data on rice yield and 437 sets of data on nitrogen loss in rice fields from 2000 to 2021 and investigated the effects of different water-saving irrigation schedules, nitrogen application levels, and water–nitrogen couplings on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen loss (N2O emissions, nitrogen runoff, nitrogen leaching, and ammonia volatilization) by meta-analysis using conventional flooding irrigation and no nitrogen treatment as controls. The results showed that alternate wet and dry irrigation and controlled irrigation had increasing effects on rice yield. Alternate wet and dry irrigation had a significant yield-increasing effect (average 2.57% increase) and dry cultivation significantly reduced rice yield with an average 21.25% yield reduction. Water-saving irrigation reduces nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from rice fields but increases N2O emissions, and alternate wet and dry irrigation has a significant effect on increasing N2O emissions, with an average increase of 67.77%. Most water-saving irrigation can increase nitrogen use efficiency. Among water-saving irrigation methods, the effect of controlled irrigation on increasing nitrogen use efficiency is 1.06%. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency both showed a trend of increasing then decreasing with nitrogen fertilizer application, and nitrogen loss gradually increased with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input. Water–nitrogen coupling management can significantly reduce nitrogen loss in rice fields while saving water and increasing yield. Based on the analysis of the data in this study, when the irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/ha, the rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were at a high level, which corresponded to the irrigation schedule of controlled irrigation or alternating wet and dry irrigation in the literature. However, different rice-growing areas are affected by rainfall and land capability, etc. Further optimization and correction of the adapted water and fertilizer management system for paddy fields are needed. The optimal water–nitrogen pattern of this study can achieve high rice yield and reduce nitrogen loss.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet and dry irrigation increased rice yield by an average 2.57%.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Alternate wet and dry irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternate wet and dry irrigation had a significant yield-increasing effect (average 2.57% increase)”
e1“data on rice yield and 437 sets”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
controlled irrigation changed rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- controlled irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlled irrigation had increasing effects on rice yield”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
dry cultivation changed rice yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry cultivation significantly reduced rice yield with an average 21.25% yield reduction”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving irrigation reduced nitrogen runoff.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water-saving irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen runoffe0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water-saving irrigation reduces nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from rice fields”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving irrigation reduced leaching losses from rice fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water-saving irrigatione0
- Outcome
- leaching losses from rice fieldse0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water-saving irrigation reduces nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from rice fields”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-saving irrigation increased N2O emissions.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water-saving irrigatione0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water-saving irrigation reduces nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from rice fields but increases N2O emissions”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet and dry irrigation increased N2O emissions by an average 67.77%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternate wet and dry irrigatione0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 67.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternate wet and dry irrigation has a significant effect on increasing N2O emissions, with an average increase of 67.77%”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
water-saving irrigation increased nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water-saving irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most water-saving irrigation can increase nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
controlled irrigation increased nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- controlled irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 1.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlled irrigation on increasing nitrogen use efficiency is 1.06%”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield first rose then fell with nitrogen fertilizer application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- Rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasing then decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency both showed a trend of increasing then decreasing with nitrogen fertilizer application”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
nitrogen use efficiency first rose then fell with nitrogen fertilizer application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasing then decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency both showed a trend of increasing then decreasing with nitrogen fertilizer application”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen loss increased with nitrogen fertilizer input.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizer inpute0
- Outcome
- nitrogen losse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen loss gradually increased with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water–nitrogen coupling management changed nitrogen loss in rice fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water–nitrogen coupling managemente0
- Outcome
- nitrogen loss in rice fieldse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water–nitrogen coupling management can significantly reduce nitrogen loss in rice fields while saving water and increasing yield”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water–nitrogen coupling management changed water.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water–nitrogen coupling managemente0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water–nitrogen coupling management can significantly reduce nitrogen loss in rice fields while saving water and increasing yield”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water–nitrogen coupling management changed yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water–nitrogen coupling managemente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water–nitrogen coupling management can significantly reduce nitrogen loss in rice fields while saving water and increasing yield”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation of 300~350 mm and nitrogen application of 200~250 kg/ha produced high rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when the irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/ha, the rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were at a high level”
t0“on Rice Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation of 300~350 mm and nitrogen application of 200~250 kg/ha produced high nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- nitrogen fertilizer use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when the irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/ha, the rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were at a high level”
t0“on Rice Yield”
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