Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in starch synthesis. APL1, an AGPase large subunit, plays an important role in the growth and development of grapes; however, its function in withstanding low temperature (LT) remains elusive. Hence, VaAPL1 was cloned from Vitis amurensis (Zuoshan I), and its function was characterized. The gene was highly expressed in the phloem of V. amurensis during winter dormancy (0, −5, and − 10°C). Phylogenetic relationships demonstrated that VaAPL1 was closely genetic related to SlAPL1 (from Solanum lycopersicum ), and clustered into I group. Further, VaAPL1 was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia, Col) and tomato (“Micro-Tom” tomato) to characterize its function under LT. Compared with Col, the average survival rate of VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana exceeded 75.47% after freezing treatment. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased in VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana and tomato plants under LT stress. The activities of AGPase, and starch contents in VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana were higher than in Col after LT stress. The contents of sucrose and glucose were accumulated in overexpressing plants compared with wild-type at 0 h and 24 h after LT stress. Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway, and Ca 2+ signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Hence, these results suggest that overexpression of VaAPL1 not only ensured sufficient starch converting into soluble sugars to maintain cell osmotic potential and provided energy, but also indirectly activated signal pathways involved in LT to enhance plant tolerance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
VaAPL1 was highly expressed in the phloem of V. amurensis during winter dormancy.
- Taxon
- V. amurensis
Vitis amurensise1 - Organ / stage
- phloeme1
- Treatment
- winter dormancy (0, −5, and − 10°C)e1
- Outcome
- highly expressede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The gene was highly expressed in the phloem of V. amurensis during winter dormancy (0, −5, and − 10°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
VaAPL1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana had an average survival rate above 75.47% after freezing, compared with Col.
- Taxon
- A. thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae2 - Material
- VaAPL1 -overexpressinge2
- Treatment
- freezing treatmente2
- Gene
- VaAPL1e2
- Outcome
- average survival ratee2
- Direction
- exceedede2
- Value
- 75.47%e2
- Comparator
- Cole2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Compared with Col, the average survival rate of VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana exceeded 75.47% after freezing treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS content decreased in VaAPL1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana under low-temperature stress.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae3
- Material
- VaAPL1 -overexpressinge3
- Treatment
- LT stresse3
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) contente3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased in VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana and tomato plants under LT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS content decreased in VaAPL1-overexpressing tomato plants under low-temperature stress.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume3 - Material
- VaAPL1 -overexpressinge3
- Treatment
- LT stresse3
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) contente3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased in VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana and tomato plants under LT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AGPase activity and starch content were higher in VaAPL1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana than in Col after low-temperature stress.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae4
- Material
- VaAPL1 -overexpressinge4
- Treatment
- LT stresse4
- Gene
- AGPasee4
- Outcome
- activities of AGPase, and starch contentse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- Cole4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The activities of AGPase, and starch contents in VaAPL1 -overexpressing A. thaliana were higher than in Col after LT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose and glucose contents were higher in overexpressing plants than in wild-type after low-temperature stress.
- Material
- overexpressing plantse5
- Treatment
- LT stresse5
- Outcome
- contents of sucrose and glucosee5
- Direction
- accumulatede5
- Comparator
- wild-typee5
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e5“The contents of sucrose and glucose were accumulated in overexpressing plants compared with wild-type at 0 h and 24 h after LT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement of sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Outcome
- involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathwaye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca 2+ signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated in overexpressing tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ signaling pathway-related genese7
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway”
e7“Ca 2+ signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of VaAPL1 is interpreted by the authors as enhancing plant tolerance to low temperature in Arabidopsis and tomato.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis and TomatoArabidopsisSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- overexpression of VaAPL1e0
- Gene
- VaAPL1e0
- Outcome
- plant tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Improving Low Temperature Tolerance in Arabidopsis and Tomato”
e0“overexpression of VaAPL1 not only ensured sufficient starch converting into soluble sugars to maintain cell osmotic potential and provided energy, but also indirectly activated signal pathways involved in LT to enhance plant tolerance”