Abstract
In north-western Spain, the cultivation of wheat landraces represents the pillar of quality Galician bread; today, a minimum of 25% Galician flour is required to produce bread under the auspices of the Protected Geographical Indication “Pan Galego”. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rotation of two wheat landraces—‘Carral’ and ‘Caaveiro’—with lupin (sweet Lupinus albus), together with a fallow period, on crop yield and quality, as well as the environmental benefits of rotations over conventional monoculture systems. After the different agricultural activities, twelve agronomic parameters were analysed at the end of the third year. For the environmental analysis, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology was applied. The results showed a positive influence of rotation systems on wheat yield and quality parameters, reporting higher specific weight and lower impurities compared to monoculture. No significant differences were observed between wheat rotation and monoculture in other parameters related to baking quality, such as protein, wet gluten, baking strength (W), elasticity (L), tenacity (P), and swelling (G). However, soil quality influenced wheat quality independently of rotation, and higher organic matter and lower phosphorus produced higher W and P, respectively. Moreover, rotation had a positive effect on yield, up to 62% when fallow preceded wheat, and in reducing diseases, pests, and weeds. Finally, in terms of environmental performance, the best results were identified when lupin preceded wheat due to lower fertiliser application. In this regard, the worst profiles corresponded to the scenarios based on monoculture for both wheat landraces.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation raised wheat specific weight.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- rotation systemse0
- Outcome
- specific weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rotation systems on wheat yield and quality parameters, reporting higher specific weight and lower impurities compared to monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation lowered wheat impurities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation systemse0
- Outcome
- impuritiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rotation systems on wheat yield and quality parameters, reporting higher specific weight and lower impurities compared to monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation and monoculture did not differ significantly in protein, wet gluten, and baking strength.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- protein, wet gluten, baking strength (W)e0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were observed between wheat rotation and monoculture in other parameters related to baking quality, such as protein, wet gluten, baking strength (W), elasticity (L), tenacity (P), and swelling (G)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation and monoculture did not differ significantly in elasticity, tenacity, and swelling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- elasticity (L), tenacity (P), and swelling (G)e0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were observed between wheat rotation and monoculture in other parameters related to baking quality, such as protein, wet gluten, baking strength (W), elasticity (L), tenacity (P), and swelling (G)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher soil organic matter was associated with higher wheat baking strength.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- organic mattere0
- Outcome
- We0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher organic matter and lower phosphorus produced higher W and P, respectively”
t0“soil quality influenced wheat quality independently of rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower soil phosphorus was associated with higher wheat tenacity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher organic matter and lower phosphorus produced higher W and P, respectively”
t0“soil quality influenced wheat quality independently of rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow before wheat raised yield up to 62%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fallow preceded wheate0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- up to 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rotation had a positive effect on yield, up to 62% when fallow preceded wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation reduced diseases, pests, and weeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotatione0
- Outcome
- diseases, pests, and weedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rotation had a positive effect on yield, up to 62% when fallow preceded wheat, and in reducing diseases, pests, and weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupin before wheat gave the best environmental performance through lower fertilizer use.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- lower fertiliser applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best results were identified when lupin preceded wheat due to lower fertiliser application”
t0“when lupin preceded wheat due to lower fertiliser application”
Claim · model-written summary
Monoculture scenarios had the worst environmental profiles.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- profilese0
- Direction
- worste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the worst profiles corresponded to the scenarios based on monoculture for both wheat landraces”
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