Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the fungi associated with Turkish hazelnuts and verify and confirm the role of Diaporthe in causing kernel defects. Hazelnuts were sampled from 10 hazelnut orchards in seven Turkish provinces (Samsun, Ordu, Girensun, Trabzon, Sakarya, Düzce, and Zonguldak) during the early and full ripening stages in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Fungal isolation and identification at the genus level were performed for healthy hazelnut kernels and those with visible or hidden defects. Several fungal genera were isolated; those with a mean incidence greater than 10% were Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Diaporthe, Fusarium, and Penicillium. The incidence of Diaporthe spp. was higher in the full ripening stage than in the early ripening stage; it was also higher in kernels with defects than in healthy kernels. A similar pattern was observed for Botryosphaeria, but the opposite pattern was observed for Aspergillus. Diaporthe positively correlated with both hidden (ρ = 0.80) and visible defects (ρ = 0.77), confirming its key role in causing hazelnut defects. The role of Botryosphaeria appears limited to hidden defects; however, additional work is needed to substantiate this last finding. There is also a need to clarify the eventual interaction of Diaporthe with Aspergillus. The low incidence of defective hazelnuts among the 3 years of sampling precluded the role of meteorological factors in the incidence of hazelnut defects from being elucidated.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Five fungal genera had mean incidence above 10% in hazelnut kernels.
CorylusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those with a mean incidence greater than 10% were Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Diaporthe, Fusarium, and Penicillium”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaporthe incidence was higher at full than early ripening.
- Organ / stage
- full ripening stagee0
- Outcome
- incidence of Diaporthe spp.e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- early ripening stagee0
DiaportheOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of Diaporthe spp. was higher in the full ripening stage than in the early ripening stage”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaporthe incidence was higher in defective than healthy kernels.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was also higher in kernels with defects than in healthy kernels”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
t1“Diaporthe spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Botryosphaeria followed a similar pattern of incidence by ripening and defect status.
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeriae0pathogen - Outcome
- similar patterne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A similar pattern was observed for Botryosphaeria”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus showed the opposite incidence pattern.
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse0pathogen - Outcome
- opposite patterne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the opposite pattern was observed for Aspergillus”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaporthe correlated positively with hidden kernel defects at rho 0.80.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diaporthe positively correlated with both hidden (ρ = 0.80) and visible defects (ρ = 0.77)”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaporthe correlated positively with visible kernel defects at rho 0.77.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diaporthe positively correlated with both hidden (ρ = 0.80) and visible defects (ρ = 0.77)”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Botryosphaeria appears to have a role limited to hidden defects.
- Interactor
- BotryosphaeriaBotryosphaeriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- hidden defectse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The role of Botryosphaeria appears limited to hidden defects”
t0“Turkish Hazelnuts”