Abstract
Application of slow-release fertilizer (SF) is a nutrient-management measure aimed at improving maize nutrient use and yield and saving labor cost. One-time application of SF at sowing usually results in nutrient deficiency during the post-silking stage, owing to the long growth period of spring maize. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on spring maize of SF application stage (zero, three-, and six-leaf stages, designated as SF0, SF3, and SF6, respectively) on grain yield, total soil rhizosphere nitrogen (N) content, and root activity, in comparison with the conventional fertilization mode (CF, application of compound fertilizer at sowing time, and topdressing urea at six-leaf and tasseling stages) at the same fertilization level as the control. Compared with no fertilization (F0) and CF, SF increased grain number and weight. The maize cultivars Suyu 30 (SY30) and Jiangyu 877 (JY877) produced the highest grain yield and net return under SF6 treatment over the three years. SF6 increased enzymatic activities including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase, and lyase in rhizosphere soil at silking (R1) and milking stages (R3). SF6 increased the total N contents of rhizosphere soil by 7.1% at R1 and 9.2% R3 stages compared with SF0. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in roots were increased under SF6 treatments at R1 and R3. The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3. Delaying the application time of SF could increase grain yield by increasing total N content of rhizosphere soil, delaying root senescence, and increasing root activity at the late reproductive stage. Applying SF at the six-leaf stage is recommended as an effective fertilization strategy for the sustainable production of spring maize in southern China.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Slow-release fertilizer increased maize grain number versus no fertilizer and conventional fertilization.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with no fertilization (F0) and CF, SF increased grain number and weight.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Slow-release fertilizer increased maize grain weight versus no fertilizer and conventional fertilization.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with no fertilization (F0) and CF, SF increased grain number and weight.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Suyu 30 (SY30) had the highest grain yield with SF6 over three years.
- Material
- Suyu 30 (SY30)e0
- Treatment
- SF6 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- over the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivars Suyu 30 (SY30) and Jiangyu 877 (JY877) produced the highest grain yield and net return under SF6 treatment over the three years.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Suyu 30 (SY30) had the highest net return with SF6 over three years.
- Material
- Suyu 30 (SY30)e0
- Treatment
- SF6 treatmente0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- over the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivars Suyu 30 (SY30) and Jiangyu 877 (JY877) produced the highest grain yield and net return under SF6 treatment over the three years.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Jiangyu 877 (JY877) had the highest grain yield with SF6 over three years.
- Material
- Jiangyu 877 (JY877)e0
- Treatment
- SF6 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- over the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivars Suyu 30 (SY30) and Jiangyu 877 (JY877) produced the highest grain yield and net return under SF6 treatment over the three years.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Jiangyu 877 (JY877) had the highest net return with SF6 over three years.
- Material
- Jiangyu 877 (JY877)e0
- Treatment
- SF6 treatmente0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- over the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivars Suyu 30 (SY30) and Jiangyu 877 (JY877) produced the highest grain yield and net return under SF6 treatment over the three years.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil oxidoreductase activity at R1 and R3.
- Organ / stage
- silking (R1) and milking stages (R3)e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- oxidoreductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased enzymatic activities including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase, and lyase in rhizosphere soil at silking (R1) and milking stages (R3).”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil hydrolase activity at R1 and R3.
- Organ / stage
- silking (R1) and milking stages (R3)e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- hydrolasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased enzymatic activities including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase, and lyase in rhizosphere soil at silking (R1) and milking stages (R3).”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil transferase activity at R1 and R3.
- Organ / stage
- silking (R1) and milking stages (R3)e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- transferasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased enzymatic activities including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase, and lyase in rhizosphere soil at silking (R1) and milking stages (R3).”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil lyase activity at R1 and R3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased enzymatic activities including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, transferase, and lyase in rhizosphere soil at silking (R1) and milking stages (R3).”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil total N at R1 by 7.1% versus SF0.
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- total N contents of rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
- Comparator
- SF0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased the total N contents of rhizosphere soil by 7.1% at R1 and 9.2% R3 stages compared with SF0.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased rhizosphere soil total N at R3 by 9.2% versus SF0.
- Organ / stage
- R3e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- total N contents of rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.2%e0
- Comparator
- SF0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SF6 increased the total N contents of rhizosphere soil by 7.1% at R1 and 9.2% R3 stages compared with SF0.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased root antioxidant enzyme activities at R1 and R3.
- Organ / stage
- R1 and R3e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes in roots were increased under SF6 treatments at R1 and R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF0 increased maize mean root activity by 7.1% versus CF at R1.
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- SF0e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF3 increased maize mean root activity by 12.8% versus CF at R1.
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- SF3e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.8%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased maize mean root activity by 20.5% versus CF at R1.
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.5%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF0 increased maize mean root activity by 8.8% versus CF at R3.
- Organ / stage
- R3e0
- Treatment
- SF0e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF3 increased maize mean root activity by 13.0% versus CF at R3.
- Organ / stage
- R3e0
- Treatment
- SF3e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.0%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SF6 increased maize mean root activity by 23.5% versus CF at R3.
- Organ / stage
- R3e0
- Treatment
- SF6e0
- Outcome
- mean root activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.5%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean root activities of SF0, SF3, and SF6 increased by 7.1%, 12.8%, and 20.5% compared with CF at R1 and by 8.8%, 13.0%, and 23.5% at R3.”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying slow-release fertilizer at the six-leaf stage for spring maize production in southern China.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying SF at the six-leaf stage is recommended as an effective fertilization strategy for the sustainable production of spring maize in southern China.”
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