Abstract
Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes; northern, intermediate, and southern. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic relationships of cultivars belonging to these ecotypes by amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers. Seven AFLP primer combinations produced 176 polymorphic markers, which occurred in different frequencies in different cultivars, with no ecotype or cultivar specific markers. Cluster analysis and principle component analysis grouped the cultivars according to their pedigrees rather than by ecotypes. The southern cultivars (Baylor, Lincoln, Beacon, and Blair), older cultivars developed in Iowa and Nebraska, grouped distantly to the rest of the cultivars. The recently developed southern type cultivars (Badger, Alpha, and Radisson) were grouped closely with the intermediate type cultivars (Magna and Signal). The northern type cultivars (Carlton, Jubilee, and S-7133) grouped with the recently developed southern and intermediate cultivars. The close association of the recently developed southern cultivars to the intermediate and the northern cultivars but distinct from the older southern cultivars may indicate introgression of northern ecotype germplasm into the former. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the 14 cultivars indicated a higher within-population variation (85%) than the among-population variation (15%). Higher molecular variations observed in the recently developed southern and some northern cultivars reflect the diverse genetic backgrounds of the source populations. The older southern cultivars showed the lowest molecular variation due to the narrow genetic background of the source populations. This study shows that AFLP markers can be used to differentiate phenotypically similar smooth bromegrass cultivars according to their breeding history, which will aid in future smooth bromegrass breeding projects.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seven AFLP primer combinations produced 176 polymorphic markers in smooth bromegrass cultivars.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrass
Bromus inermise0 - Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- polymorphic markerse1
- Value
- 176e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e1“Seven AFLP primer combinations produced 176 polymorphic markers, which occurred in different frequencies in different cultivars, with no ecotype or cultivar specific markers”
Claim · model-written summary
No ecotype- or cultivar-specific AFLP markers were found in smooth bromegrass.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Outcome
- ecotype or cultivar specific markerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e1“Seven AFLP primer combinations produced 176 polymorphic markers, which occurred in different frequencies in different cultivars, with no ecotype or cultivar specific markers”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster and principal component analyses grouped the smooth bromegrass cultivars according to their pedigrees rather than by ecotypes.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Outcome
- grouped the cultivars according to their pedigreese2
- Comparator
- rather than by ecotypese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e2“Cluster analysis and principle component analysis grouped the cultivars according to their pedigrees rather than by ecotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The older southern cultivars grouped distantly to the rest of the cultivars.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- Baylor, Lincoln, Beacon, and Blaire3
- Outcome
- grouped distantly to the rest of the cultivarse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e3“The southern cultivars (Baylor, Lincoln, Beacon, and Blair), older cultivars developed in Iowa and Nebraska, grouped distantly to the rest of the cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The recently developed southern cultivars grouped closely with the intermediate type cultivars.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- Badger, Alpha, and Radissone4
- Outcome
- grouped closelye4
- Comparator
- intermediate type cultivarse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e4“The recently developed southern type cultivars (Badger, Alpha, and Radisson) were grouped closely with the intermediate type cultivars (Magna and Signal)”
Claim · model-written summary
The northern type cultivars grouped with the recently developed southern and intermediate cultivars.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- Carlton, Jubilee, and S-7133e5
- Outcome
- grouped with the recently developed southern and intermediate cultivarse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e5“The northern type cultivars (Carlton, Jubilee, and S-7133) grouped with the recently developed southern and intermediate cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The close association of recently developed southern cultivars with intermediate and northern cultivars may indicate introgression of northern ecotype germplasm.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Outcome
- close association of the recently developed southern cultivarse6
- Qualifier
- introgression of northern ecotype germplasme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e6“The close association of the recently developed southern cultivars to the intermediate and the northern cultivars but distinct from the older southern cultivars may indicate introgression of northern ecotype germplasm into the former”
Claim · model-written summary
Within-population molecular variation (85%) was higher than among-population variation (15%) in the 14 cultivars.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- 14 cultivarse7
- Outcome
- within-population variatione7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 85%e7
- Comparator
- among-population variatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e7“Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the 14 cultivars indicated a higher within-population variation (85%) than the among-population variation (15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher molecular variation in recently developed southern and some northern cultivars may reflect diverse genetic backgrounds of the source populations.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- recently developed southern and some northern cultivarse1
- Outcome
- molecular variationse1
- Direction
- Highere1
- Qualifier
- diverse genetic backgrounds of the source populationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e1“Higher molecular variations observed in the recently developed southern and some northern cultivars reflect the diverse genetic backgrounds of the source populations”
Claim · model-written summary
The older southern cultivars showed the lowest molecular variation, attributed to a narrow genetic background.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Material
- older southern cultivarse1
- Outcome
- molecular variatione1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Qualifier
- narrow genetic background of the source populationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e1“The older southern cultivars showed the lowest molecular variation due to the narrow genetic background of the source populations”
Claim · model-written summary
AFLP markers can differentiate phenotypically similar smooth bromegrass cultivars according to their breeding history.
- Taxon
- Smooth bromegrassBromus inermise0
- Outcome
- differentiate phenotypically similar smooth bromegrass cultivarse1
- Qualifier
- according to their breeding historye1
- Comparator
- phenotypically similar smooth bromegrass cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), the most commonly cultivated perennial bromegrass species in North America, belong to three ecotypes”
e1“This study shows that AFLP markers can be used to differentiate phenotypically similar smooth bromegrass cultivars according to their breeding history”