Abstract
Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the effects of tillage systems on selected chemical properties of a sloping and eroded soil which had previously been in sod. A tillage project was initiated in the spring, 1989 in southern Illinois on a soil with a root‐restricting fragipan. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Mem] were grown on the plot area on a yearly rotation system. Prior to the application of lime or tillage treatments the 0–15 cm Ap horizon had a pH of 6.3, organic carbon (C) of 1.4 g/100g, and CEC equal to 17 meq/100g. Lime had been surface applied early in the spring of 1989 prior to moldboard (MP) and chisel (CP) plowing. Moldboard plowing had lower pH than the other treatments in the 0–5 cm layer in 1989 due to the moldboard plow mixing low pH subsoil material into the 0–5 cm layer and mixing surface applied lime into the 5–15 cm layer. During the 4th year, organic C was lowest for MP (1.28 g/100g) and highest for no tillage (NT) (1.65 g/100g), with CP having organic C content of 1.52 g/100g in the 0–5 cm layer. The differences in organic C were attributed to the effects of incorporation of plant residues below the 0–5 cm layer in the moldboard and chisel plow treatments. Effects of tillage on organic C content were not significant in the 5–15 cm layer. Soil phosphorus (P) (Bray Pl) and extractable potassium (K) were stratified, with the largest amounts of these two elements found within the top 5 cm of soil. In general, tillage did not have any significant (P=0.05) effect on either extractable calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg). Differences were observed in exchangeable ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+‐N) and nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3 ‐‐N) by tillage treatments and were affected by soil moisture content and previous crop residues. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was lower for MP at the 0–5 cm layer as compared to NT and CP in the 3rd year. At the 5–15 cm layer CEC was lower for NT as compared to CP and MP. The differences in CEC were attributed to the observed differences in organic C and possibly the effects of moldboard and chisel plow mixing subsoil materials slightly higher in clay content into the Ap horizon. In 1989, corn grain yield for NT was significantly lower than MP and CP. In 1990, 1991 and 1992 the crop yields by tillage treatment were not significantly different. Any conversion of conservation reserve land from sod into NT corn and soybean production could experience similar management problems and corn yield reductions the first year. The initial yield advantage MP system had the 1st year did not occur the last three years. Based on four years of observation, no‐till and chisel plow systems may better maintain long‐term productivity of sloping soils than moldboard plow systems because of changes in distribution and availability of nutrients and organic C in the 0–5 cm layer, reduced soil erosion, and yield trends.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing gave lower soil pH than the other tillage treatments.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Moldboard plowing had lower pH than the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic C was lowest under moldboard plowing (MP), at 1.28 g/100g, in the 4th year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“organic C was lowest for MP (1.28 g/100g) and highest for no tillage (NT) (1.65 g/100g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic C was highest under no tillage (NT), at 1.65 g/100g, in the 4th year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“organic C was lowest for MP (1.28 g/100g) and highest for no tillage (NT) (1.65 g/100g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic C content was 1.52 g/100g under chisel plowing (CP) in the 0-5 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“with CP having organic C content of 1.52 g/100g”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage had no significant effect on organic C content in the 5-15 cm layer.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Effects of tillage on organic C content were not significant in the 5–15 cm layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil P and extractable K were stratified, with the largest amounts within the top 5 cm of soil.
- Outcome
- Soil phosphorus (P) (Bray Pl) and extractable potassium (K)e2
- Qualifier
- the largest amounts of these two elements found within the top 5 cm of soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Soil phosphorus (P) (Bray Pl) and extractable potassium (K) were stratified, with the largest amounts of these two elements found within the top 5 cm of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage did not significantly affect exchangeable calcium or magnesium.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In general, tillage did not have any significant (P=0.05) effect on either extractable calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exchangeable ammonium differed among tillage treatments and was affected by soil moisture content and previous crop residues.
- Treatment
- tillage treatmentse3
- Outcome
- exchangeable ammoniume2
- Direction
- Differences were observede2
- Qualifier
- soil moisture content and previous crop residuese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Differences were observed in exchangeable ammonium”
e3“by tillage treatments and were affected by soil moisture content and previous crop residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Cation exchange capacity was lower under MP than under NT and CP at the 0-5 cm layer in the 3rd year.
- Treatment
- MPe2
- Outcome
- Cation exchange capacity (CEC)e2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Qualifier
- in the 3rd yeare3
- Comparator
- NT and CPe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was lower for MP at the 0–5 cm layer”
e3“as compared to NT and CP in the 3rd year”
Claim · model-written summary
Cation exchange capacity was lower under NT than under CP and MP at the 5-15 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“At the 5–15 cm layer CEC was lower for NT as compared to CP and MP”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1989, corn grain yield under NT was significantly lower than under MP and CP.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In 1989, corn grain yield for NT was significantly lower than MP and CP”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yields in 1990, 1991 and 1992 did not differ significantly among tillage treatments.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In 1990, 1991 and 1992 the crop yields by tillage treatment were not significantly different”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial yield advantage under MP in the first year did not occur in the last three years.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“The initial yield advantage MP system had the 1st year did not occur the last three years”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till and chisel plow systems may better maintain long-term productivity than moldboard systems over the study period.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Based on four years of observation, no‐till and chisel plow systems may better maintain long‐term productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Converting conservation reserve land to no-till corn could cause yield reductions in the first year.
- Outcome
- corn yield reductions the first yeare2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Any conversion of conservation reserve land from sod into NT corn and soybean production could experience similar management problems and corn yield reductions the first year”
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