Abstract
Indigenous vegetables that supply abundant amounts of protein, vitamins, calories and minerals could alleviate problems of malnutrition, in developing countries. Amaranthus is one such vegetable that could be domesticated and cultivated but information on its fertility requirements is scanty. A dry-land field experiment was therefore conducted to study the effects of sheep kraal manure application rates on growth, fresh and dry matter yields, nutrient uptake and grain yield of one of the Amaranthus accessions that grow in the wild in the Eastern Cape. The treatments were sheep kraal manure rates ranging from 0 to 10 t/ha and an NPK {2:3:4(30) + 0.5% Zn} fertiliser as a positive control at 150 kg/ha. Low manure rates (≤2.5 t/ha) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilised control, whereas higher rates (5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK fertiliser gave greater plant heights and higher yields at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT) (p<0.05). At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥2.5 t/ha and the NPK fertiliser treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (≥29.35 g/plant) than the unfertilised control (17.11 g/plant). Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate with N uptake reaching a maximum of 308 mg N /plant at a manure rate of 2.5 t/ha which corresponded with the maximum dry matter yield of 45.97 g/plant. There was no effect of manure rate or fertiliser on residual soil N and Ca, whereas P, K, Mg and Zn were increased (p<0.005). The findings suggested that ≥2.5 t/ha sheep kraal manure could result in growth, nutrient uptake and yield comparable to 150 kg/ha NPK fertiliser for the Amaranthus accession used in this work.Keywords: Amaranthus accession, sheep manure, dry matter yield, nutrient composition, residual nutrients
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Low sheep manure rates produced plant heights comparable to the unfertilised control.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus
_with_green_foliage%2C_photographed_in_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg?width=60)
Amaranthust0 - Treatment
- Low manure rates (≤2.5 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- plant heightse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- unfertilised controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_with_green_foliage%2C_photographed_in_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“Low manure rates (≤2.5 t/ha) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilised control”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sheep manure rates produced fresh matter yields comparable to the unfertilised control.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- Low manure rates (≤2.5 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- fresh matter yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- unfertilised controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“Low manure rates (≤2.5 t/ha) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilised control”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher manure rates increased plant height at 30 and 60 DAT relative to the unfertilised control.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- higher rates (5 and 10 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- plant heightse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“higher rates (5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK fertiliser gave greater plant heights and higher yields at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT) (p<0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher manure rates increased yields at 30 and 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- higher rates (5 and 10 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“higher rates (5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK fertiliser gave greater plant heights and higher yields at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT) (p<0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer increased plant heights and yields at 30 and 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- NPK fertilisere0
- Outcome
- plant heights and higher yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“NPK fertiliser gave greater plant heights and higher yields at both 30 and 60 days after transplant (DAT) (p<0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure at at least 2.5 t/ha increased shoot dry matter yield at 30 DAT relative to the unfertilised control.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- manure application rates of ≥2.5 t/hae0
- Outcome
- shoot dry-matter yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- ≥29.35 g/plante0
- Qualifier
- 17.11 g/plante0
- Comparator
- unfertilised controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥2.5 t/ha and the NPK fertiliser treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (≥29.35 g/plant) than the unfertilised control (17.11 g/plant)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer increased shoot dry matter yield at 30 DAT relative to the unfertilised control.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- NPK fertiliser treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot dry-matter yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- ≥29.35 g/plante0
- Comparator
- unfertilised controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥2.5 t/ha and the NPK fertiliser treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (≥29.35 g/plant) than the unfertilised control (17.11 g/plant)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen uptake increased with manure rate, reaching 308 mg N /plant at 2.5 t/ha.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- manure application ratee0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 308 mg N /plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate with N uptake reaching a maximum of 308 mg N /plant at a manure rate of 2.5 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phosphorus uptake increased with manure rate.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- manure application ratee0
- Outcome
- P in the leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum dry matter yield was 45.97 g/plant at the manure rate associated with peak nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 45.97 g/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“which corresponded with the maximum dry matter yield of 45.97 g/plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure rate and fertilizer did not affect residual soil nitrogen or calcium.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- manure rate or fertilisere0
- Outcome
- residual soil N and Cae0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“There was no effect of manure rate or fertiliser on residual soil N and Ca”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure or fertilizer increased residual soil phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- manure rate or fertilisere0
- Outcome
- P, K, Mg and Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“There was no effect of manure rate or fertiliser on residual soil N and Ca, whereas P, K, Mg and Zn were increased (p<0.005)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest at least 2.5 t/ha sheep manure for Amaranthus growth, nutrient uptake, and yield comparable with NPK fertilizer.
- Taxon
- AmaranthusAmaranthust0
- Treatment
- ≥2.5 t/ha sheep kraal manuree0
- Outcome
- growth, nutrient uptake and yielde0
- Comparator
- 150 kg/ha NPK fertilisere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Amaranthus accession”
e0“The findings suggested that ≥2.5 t/ha sheep kraal manure could result in growth, nutrient uptake and yield comparable to 150 kg/ha NPK fertiliser for the Amaranthus accession”
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