Abstract
We characterized the type and extent of grasshopper injury to above- and below-ground plant parts for four crops [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and canola (Brassica campestris L.)] commonly grown, or with potential to grow, in central Alaska. Cages were placed on 48 pots containing plants in second to third leaf stages and stocked with 0, 2, 4, and 6 first-instar Melanoplus sanguinipes F. pot−1. Plants were harvested 22 d after planting. Stem growth of barley and oats was not affected except at the highest grasshopper treatment. In canola, stem biomass was reduced at the medium and high grasshopper treatments, when most of the leaves had been consumed. The highest grasshopper treatment reduced leaf area in barley and oats by ≈55%, and caused a significant reduction in dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots (41–72%). Wheat and canola plants were smaller than barley and oats across all treatments and, at the highest grasshopper density, above-ground portions of wheat and canola were completely destroyed. Length and surface area of roots of barley and oats were reduced by 20–28% again at the highest grasshopper density, whereas the reduction for wheat and canola ranged from 50 to 90%. There was little or no difference among all grasshopper densities for C-N ratio in leaf and stem tissues of all crops. The results suggest that wheat and canola are more susceptible than barley and oats and that densities ≥2 pot−1 (≈≥50 m−2) of even very small grasshoppers could cause significant damage in small-grain and oilseed crop production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Barley stem growth was affected only at highest grasshopper density.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- highest grasshopper treatmente0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Stem growthe0
- Direction
- not affected excepte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Stem growth of barley and oats was not affected except at the highest grasshopper treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat stem growth was affected only at highest grasshopper density.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- highest grasshopper treatmente0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Stem growthe0
- Direction
- not affected excepte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem growth of barley and oats was not affected except at the highest grasshopper treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and high grasshopper treatments reduced canola stem biomass.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse0 - Treatment
- medium and high grasshopper treatmentse0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- stem biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In canola, stem biomass was reduced at the medium and high grasshopper treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced barley leaf area by approximately 55%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- highest grasshopper treatmente0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ≈55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grasshopper treatment reduced leaf area in barley and oats by ≈55%”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced oat leaf area by approximately 55%.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- highest grasshopper treatmente0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ≈55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grasshopper treatment reduced leaf area in barley and oats by ≈55%”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced barley leaf, stem, and root dry weight by 41–72%.
- Interactor
- GrasshoppersAcridomorphat0pest
- Outcome
- dry weight of leaves, stems, and rootse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 41–72%e0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“caused a significant reduction in dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots (41–72%).”
t0“Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Early Growth Stages of Small-Grains and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced oat leaf, stem, and root dry weight by 41–72%.
- Interactor
- GrasshoppersAcridomorphat0pest
- Outcome
- dry weight of leaves, stems, and rootse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 41–72%e0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“caused a significant reduction in dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots (41–72%).”
t0“Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Early Growth Stages of Small-Grains and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
At highest density, grasshoppers destroyed above-ground wheat plants.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- highest grasshopper densitye0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- above-ground portionse0
- Direction
- completely destroyede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the highest grasshopper density, above-ground portions of wheat and canola were completely destroyed.”
Claim · model-written summary
At highest density, grasshoppers destroyed above-ground canola plants.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- highest grasshopper densitye0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- above-ground portionse0
- Direction
- completely destroyede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the highest grasshopper density, above-ground portions of wheat and canola were completely destroyed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced barley root length and surface area by 20–28%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- highest grasshopper densitye0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Length and surface area of rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20–28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Length and surface area of roots of barley and oats were reduced by 20–28% again at the highest grasshopper density”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced oat root length and surface area by 20–28%.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- highest grasshopper densitye0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Length and surface area of rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20–28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Length and surface area of roots of barley and oats were reduced by 20–28% again at the highest grasshopper density”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced wheat root length and surface area by 50–90%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- GrasshoppersAcridomorphat0pest
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50 to 90%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction for wheat and canola ranged from 50 to 90%.”
t0“Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Early Growth Stages of Small-Grains and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest grasshopper density reduced canola root length and surface area by 50–90%.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Interactor
- GrasshoppersAcridomorphat0pest
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50 to 90%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction for wheat and canola ranged from 50 to 90%.”
t0“Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Early Growth Stages of Small-Grains and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and stem C-N ratios differed little or not at all across grasshopper densities.
- Taxon
- all cropse0
- Treatment
- all grasshopper densitiese0
- Interactor
- grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- C-N ratio in leaf and stem tissuese0
- Direction
- little or no differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was little or no difference among all grasshopper densities for C-N ratio in leaf and stem tissues of all crops.”
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