Abstract
The development of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) clones was compared in monoclonal and clonal mixture plots planted in an experiment established at Dalethorpe, Canterbury, New Zealand with ten radiata pine clones in September 1993. Clones were deployed in a randomised complete block plot design with three replications. Each replication contained ten treatments of monoclonal plots and one in which all the clones were intimately mixed in equal proportions. Clones significantly differed in initial morphologies, survival and stem slenderness. Sturdiness and initial heights were found to be the best predictors of initial survivals. The study revealed that mode of deployment did not affect overall productivity, but individual clones exhibited significantly different productivities between modes of deployment. All clones contributed similarly to overall productivity in the monoclonal mode of deployment, whereas the contribution of clones in the clonal mixture mode of deployment was disproportionate. A minority of the clones contributed a majority of overall productivity in the clonal mixture mode of deployment. The inclusion of competition index as an independent variable in a distance-dependent individual tree diameter increment model explained a significant amount of variability in diameter growth. The use of an inverse-squared distance to neighbouring plants in the competition index provided a slightly superior fit to the data compared to one that employed a simple inverse of distance. Addition of genotype information in the competition index further improved the fit of the model. Clones experienced different levels of competition in monoclonal and clonal mixture modes of deployment. Competition in monoclonal plots remained uniform over time, whereas some clones experienced greater competition in clonal mixture plots which led to greater variability in their tree sizes. This study indicated that single tree plot progeny test selections and early selections may miss out some good genotypes that can grow rapidly if deployed monoclonally. Stand level modelling revealed that clones differed significantly in modeled yield patterns and model asymptotes. Clones formed two distinct groups having significantly different yield models. The study also demonstrated that models developed from an initial few years’ data were biased indicators of their relative future performances. Evaluation of effectiveness of the 3-PG hybrid model using parameter values obtained from destructive sampling and species-specific values from different studies revealed that it is possible to calibrate this model for simulating the productivity of clones, and predictions from this model might inform clonal selections at different sites under differing climatic conditions. Destructive sampling at age 5 years revealed that clones significantly differed in foliage and stem biomass. The differences in productivities of clones were mainly due to differences in biomass partitioning and specific leaf areas. Clones significantly differed in dynamic wood stiffness, stem-slenderness, branch diameter, branch index and branch angle at an initial stocking of 1250 stems/ha. Mode of deployment affected stem slenderness, which is sometimes related to stiffness. Although dynamic stiffness was correlated with stem slenderness and stem slenderness exhibited a significant influence on stiffness, clones did not exhibit statistically significant differences in dynamic stiffness. Increasing initial stocking from 833 stems/ha to 2500 stems/ha resulted in a 56 % decrease in branch diameter and a 17 % increase in branch angle. Trees in the monoclonal mode of deployment exhibited greater uniformity with respect to tree size, stem-slenderness, and competition experienced by clones compared to those in the clonal mixture mode of deployment. Susceptibility of one clone to Woolly aphid suggested that greater risks were associated with large scale deployment of susceptible clones in a monoclonal mode of deployment. This study also indicated that if the plants were to be deployed in a monoclonal mode then block plot selections would have greater potential to enhance productivity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Clones significantly differed in initial morphology, survival and stem slenderness.
Verbatim
e0“Clones significantly differed in initial morphologies, survival and stem slenderness.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Sturdiness and initial height best predicted initial survival.
Not reportedMaterialDirection
Verbatim
e0“Sturdiness and initial heights were found to be the best predictors of initial survivals.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Deployment did not affect overall productivity but significantly affected individual clone productivity.
- Taxon
- radiata pinet0
- Treatment
- mode of deploymente0
- Outcome
- productivitiese0
- Direction
- differente0
- Qualifier
- did not affect overall productivitye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“mode of deployment did not affect overall productivity, but individual clones exhibited significantly different productivities between modes of deployment”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone productivity contributions were similar in monoclonal plots but disproportionate in mixtures, where a minority supplied most productivity.
Verbatim
e0“All clones contributed similarly to overall productivity in the monoclonal mode of deployment, whereas the contribution of clones in the clonal mixture mode of deployment was disproportionate. A minority of the clones contributed a majority of overall productivity in the clonal mixture mode of deployment.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Competition index explained significant diameter-growth variability.
Not reportedValue
Verbatim
e0“The inclusion of competition index as an independent variable in a distance-dependent individual tree diameter increment model explained a significant amount of variability in diameter growth.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Inverse-squared distance gave a slightly better model fit than inverse distance.
Verbatim
e0“The use of an inverse-squared distance to neighbouring plants in the competition index provided a slightly superior fit to the data compared to one that employed a simple inverse of distance.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype information further improved model fit.
Not reportedValue
Verbatim
e0“Addition of genotype information in the competition index further improved the fit of the model.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Competition stayed uniform in monoclonal plots but increased for some mixture clones, increasing size variability.
Verbatim
e0“Competition in monoclonal plots remained uniform over time, whereas some clones experienced greater competition in clonal mixture plots which led to greater variability in their tree sizes.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Early and single-tree selections may miss genotypes that grow rapidly monoclonally; block selections may enhance monoclonal productivity.
Verbatim
e0“single tree plot progeny test selections and early selections may miss out some good genotypes that can grow rapidly if deployed monoclonally”
e1“if the plants were to be deployed in a monoclonal mode then block plot selections would have greater potential to enhance productivity”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones differed in modeled yield patterns and asymptotes and formed two distinct yield-model groups.
Verbatim
e0“Stand level modelling revealed that clones differed significantly in modeled yield patterns and model asymptotes. Clones formed two distinct groups having significantly different yield models.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Models based on the first few years were biased indicators of future relative performance.
Not reportedValue
Verbatim
e0“models developed from an initial few years’ data were biased indicators of their relative future performances”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3-PG model could be calibrated to simulate clone productivity and potentially inform site-specific selection.
Not reportedValue
Verbatim
e0“Evaluation of effectiveness of the 3-PG hybrid model using parameter values obtained from destructive sampling and species-specific values from different studies revealed that it is possible to calibrate this model for simulating the productivity of clones, and predictions from this model might inform clonal selections at different sites under differing climatic conditions.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones significantly differed in foliage and stem biomass at age five.
Verbatim
e0“Destructive sampling at age 5 years revealed that clones significantly differed in foliage and stem biomass.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Productivity differences mainly reflected biomass partitioning and specific leaf area differences.
Verbatim
e0“The differences in productivities of clones were mainly due to differences in biomass partitioning and specific leaf areas.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1250 stems/ha clones significantly differed in stiffness, slenderness and branch traits.
Verbatim
e0“Clones significantly differed in dynamic wood stiffness, stem-slenderness, branch diameter, branch index and branch angle at an initial stocking of 1250 stems/ha.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Deployment affected stem slenderness; slenderness correlated with and significantly influenced stiffness, but clone stiffness differences were not significant.
- Taxon
- radiata pinet0
- Treatment
- Mode of deploymente0
- Outcome
- dynamic stiffnesse0
- Qualifier
- clones did not exhibit statistically significant differences in dynamic stiffnesse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Mode of deployment affected stem slenderness, which is sometimes related to stiffness. Although dynamic stiffness was correlated with stem slenderness and stem slenderness exhibited a significant influence on stiffness, clones did not exhibit statistically significant differences in dynamic stiffness.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing stocking from 833 to 2500 stems/ha decreased branch diameter 56%.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing initial stocking from 833 stems/ha to 2500 stems/ha resulted in a 56 % decrease in branch diameter and a 17 % increase in branch angle.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing stocking from 833 to 2500 stems/ha increased branch angle 17%.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing initial stocking from 833 stems/ha to 2500 stems/ha resulted in a 56 % decrease in branch diameter and a 17 % increase in branch angle.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Monoclonal trees had greater uniformity in size, slenderness and competition.
Verbatim
e0“Trees in the monoclonal mode of deployment exhibited greater uniformity with respect to tree size, stem-slenderness, and competition experienced by clones compared to those in the clonal mixture mode of deployment.”
t0“radiata pine”
Claim · model-written summary
One clone's woolly aphid susceptibility suggested increased risk from large monoclonal deployment.
Verbatim
e0“Susceptibility of one clone to Woolly aphid suggested that greater risks were associated with large scale deployment of susceptible clones in a monoclonal mode of deployment.”
t0“radiata pine”