Abstract
Abstract Following the 1995–2001 crop seasons, population densities of pupae of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), overwintering in cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS, were estimated by digging a total of 43,542 m-row. Densities of pupae varied greatly among years with the highest densities occurring in years with low rainfall in the late summer and early fall. The sex ratio of pupae was variable and significantly male-biased in some years. The total area-wide, tobacco budworm population emerging from all overwintering sites was estimated from catches in pheromone traps whose absolute efficiency is known. After the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt)-transgenic cotton in 1996 but before a several-fold increase in use of herbicide resistant (HR)-transgenic cotton cultivars in 2001, local cotton fields accounted for <2% of the total overwintered tobacco budworm population. In the pretransgenic cotton production era, it is estimated cotton fields typically accounted for <10% of the overwintered tobacco budworm population. Driving surveys of the tillage status of cotton fields and pheromone trapping to determine the timing of adult emergence in the spring indicate that—until the 2000 crop season—postseason tillage destroyed most tobacco budworm and corn earworm pupae overwintering in cotton fields. Adoption of HR-transgenic cultivars has quintupled cotton field area planted no-till, but the contribution of cotton fields to overwintered tobacco budworm populations has remained low. Preemptive tillage of cotton fields to kill overwintering tobacco budworm pupae would not appreciably suppress in-season population densities of this pest. However, the absence of such tillage might increase the rate at which the tobacco budworm develops resistance to insecticides and counteradaptation to antibiotic host plant resistance traits including the Bt-transgenic trait.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pupal densities were highest in years with low rainfall in the late summer and early fall.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Interactor
- Heliothis virescens
Heliothis virescense1pest - Second interactor
- Helicoverpa zea
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Helicoverpa zeae1pest - Outcome
- Densities of pupaee2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- years with low rainfall in the late summer and early falle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e1“population densities of pupae of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), overwintering in cotton fields”
e2“Densities of pupae varied greatly among years with the highest densities occurring in years with low rainfall in the late summer and early fall”
Claim · model-written summary
The sex ratio of overwintering pupae was variable and significantly male-biased in some years.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- sex ratio of pupaee3
- Qualifier
- significantly male-biased in some yearse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e3“The sex ratio of pupae was variable and significantly male-biased in some years”
Claim · model-written summary
Local cotton fields accounted for <2% of the total overwintered tobacco budworm population after Bt-transgenic cotton was introduced.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme4pest
- Outcome
- total overwintered tobacco budworm populatione4
- Value
- <2%e4
- Qualifier
- After the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt)-transgenic cotton in 1996e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e4“local cotton fields accounted for <2% of the total overwintered tobacco budworm population”
e5“After the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt)-transgenic cotton in 1996”
Claim · model-written summary
In the pretransgenic era cotton fields typically accounted for <10% of the overwintered tobacco budworm population.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme6pest
- Outcome
- overwintered tobacco budworm populatione6
- Value
- <10%e6
- Qualifier
- pretransgenic cotton production erae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e6“In the pretransgenic cotton production era, it is estimated cotton fields typically accounted for <10% of the overwintered tobacco budworm population”
Claim · model-written summary
Postseason tillage destroyed most tobacco budworm and corn earworm pupae overwintering in cotton fields until the 2000 crop season.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- postseason tillagee7
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme7pest
- Second interactor
- corn earwormHelicoverpa zeae7pest
- Outcome
- pupae overwintering in cotton fieldse7
- Direction
- destroyed moste7
- Qualifier
- until the 2000 crop seasone7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e7“until the 2000 crop season—postseason tillage destroyed most tobacco budworm and corn earworm pupae overwintering in cotton fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Adoption of HR-transgenic cultivars quintupled the cotton field area planted no-till.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- HR-transgenic cultivarse1
- Outcome
- cotton field area planted no-tille1
- Direction
- quintuplede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e1“Adoption of HR-transgenic cultivars has quintupled cotton field area planted no-till”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of cotton fields to overwintered tobacco budworm populations has remained low.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme1pest
- Outcome
- contribution of cotton fields to overwintered tobacco budworm populationse1
- Direction
- remained lowe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e1“the contribution of cotton fields to overwintered tobacco budworm populations has remained low”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemptive tillage would not appreciably suppress in-season tobacco budworm population densities.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Preemptive tillage of cotton fieldse1
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme1pest
- Outcome
- in-season population densitiese1
- Direction
- would not appreciably suppresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e1“Preemptive tillage of cotton fields to kill overwintering tobacco budworm pupae would not appreciably suppress in-season population densities”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of tillage might increase the rate at which tobacco budworm develops insecticide resistance.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- absence of such tillagee1
- Outcome
- rate at which the tobacco budworm develops resistance to insecticidese1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton fields, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Monroe County, MS”
e1“the absence of such tillage might increase the rate at which the tobacco budworm develops resistance to insecticides”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.