Abstract
Abstract Background Cotton production in China is challenged by high labor input including manual topping (MT). Recently, to replace MT in the Xinjiang cotton region of China, mepiquat chloride (MC) was applied once more than the traditional multiple-application; this was designated as chemical topping (CT), but it is unclear whether the amount of irrigation needs to be adjusted to accommodate CT. Results The main plots were assigned to three drip irrigation amounts [300 (I 1 ), 480 (I 2 ), and 660 (I 3 ) mm], and the subplots were assigned to the CT treatments [450 (MC 1 ), 750 (MC 2 ), and 1 050 (MC 3 ) mL·hm −2 25% MC] with MT as a control that was performed after early bloom. The optimum drip irrigation amount for CT was explored based on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, biomass accumulation, and yield. There were significant influences of drip irrigation, topping treatments and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield. The combination of I 2 and MC 2 (I 2 MC 2 ) performed best. Compared with I 2 MT, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( T r), and photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P) of I 2 MC 2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages. Moreover, I 2 MC 2 showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield; the latter was 6.6%∼12.8% higher than that of I 2 MT. Further analysis revealed that a 25% MC emulsion in water (MC EW ) application resulted in yield improvement by increasing P n, φPSII, and q P to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs. Conclusion The results showed that the 480 mm drip irrigation combined with 750 mL·hm −2 MC increased the rate of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs by increasing P n, φ PSII, and q P to improve photosynthetic performance, thus achieving higher yield.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation, topping, and their interaction significantly influenced fluorescence, gas exchange, biomass, and yield.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- drip irrigation, topping treatments and their interactione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant influences of drip irrigation, topping treatments and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 performed best.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- performed beste0
- Direction
- performed beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of I 2 and MC 2 (I 2 MC 2 ) performed best.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 increased net photosynthetic rate 4.0%–7.2% versus I2 MT.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- peak flowering to boll opening stagese0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.0%∼7.2%e0
- Comparator
- I 2 MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I 2 MT, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( T r), and photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P) of I 2 MC 2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 increased stomatal conductance 6.8%–17.1% versus I2 MT.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.8%∼17.1%e0
- Comparator
- I 2 MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I 2 MT, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( T r), and photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P) of I 2 MC 2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 increased transpiration rate 5.2%–17.6% versus I2 MT.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.2%∼17.6%e0
- Comparator
- I 2 MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I 2 MT, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( T r), and photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P) of I 2 MC 2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 increased photochemical quenching coefficient 4.8%–9.6% versus I2 MT.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- photochemical quenching coefficiente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.8%∼9.6%e0
- Comparator
- I 2 MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I 2 MT, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n), stomatal conductance ( G s), transpiration rate ( T r), and photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P) of I 2 MC 2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 had rapid reproductive organ biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive organe0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- reproductive organ biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- faste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I 2 MC 2 showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 MC2 gave the highest seed cotton yield, 6.6%–12.8% above I2 MT.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 MC 2e0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.6%∼12.8%e0
- Comparator
- I 2 MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I 2 MC 2 showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield; the latter was 6.6%∼12.8% higher than that of I 2 MT.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
MC EW was interpreted to improve yield by increasing photosynthetic measures and promoting biomass transport to reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 25% MC emulsion in water (MC EW ) applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield improvemente0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- increasing P n, φPSII, and q P to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 25% MC emulsion in water (MC EW ) application resulted in yield improvement by increasing P n, φPSII, and q P to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs.”
t0“cotton”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.