Abstract
Soil salinization and alkalization severely inhibit agriculture. However, the response mechanisms of cotton to salt stress or alkali stress are unclear. Ionomics and metabolomics were used to investigate salt and alkali stresses in cotton roots and leaves. Compared with the control, salt-treated and alkali-treated cotton plants showed 51.8 and 53.0% decreases in biomass, respectively. Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves, and the concentrations of P and K increased in roots but decreased in leaves. Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport. Under alkali stress, the concentrations of N and P in roots and leaves decreased, while the concentrations of K in roots and leaves increased. Alkali stress inhibited P, Ca, S, N, Fe, and Zn uptake and N, P, Mg and B transport, but promoted K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Mg, and B uptake and K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Zn transport. Under salt stress in the leaves, 93 metabolites increased, mainly organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, increased in abundance, while 6 decreased. In the roots, 72 metabolites increased, mainly amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, while 18 decreased. Under alkali stress, in the leaves, 96 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; In the roots, 108 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars. 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids and amino acids. Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars, while under alkali stress, osmoregulation was achieved via inorganic ion accumulation. Under salt stress, significant metabolic pathways in the leaves and roots were associated with amino acid and organic acid metabolism, sugar metabolism was mainly used as a source of energy, while under alkali stress, the pathways in the leaves were related to amino acid and linoleic acid metabolism, β-Oxidation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis were enhanced to provide the energy needed for life activities. Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in the roots is the key response mechanism of cotton to alkalinity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-treated cotton plants had 51.8% lower biomass than the control.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 51.8e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e0“Compared with the control, salt-treated and alkali-treated cotton plants showed 51.8 and 53.0% decreases in biomass, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali-treated cotton plants had 53.0% lower biomass than the control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- alkali-treatede0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 53.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e0“Compared with the control, salt-treated and alkali-treated cotton plants showed 51.8 and 53.0% decreases in biomass, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, root N concentration decreased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- concentration of Ne1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e1“Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, leaf N concentration increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- concentration of Ne1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e1“Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, P and K concentrations increased in roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- concentrations of P and Ke2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e1“Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves”
e2“the concentrations of P and K increased in roots but decreased in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, P and K concentrations decreased in leaves.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse1
- Outcome
- concentrations of P and Ke2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e1“Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves”
e2“the concentrations of P and K increased in roots but decreased in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited uptake of Ca, B, N and Fe in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse3
- Outcome
- Ca, B, N, and Fe uptakee3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e3“Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited transport of Mg, K, P, S and Cu in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse3
- Outcome
- Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transporte3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e3“Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress promoted uptake of Mo, Mn and Zn in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse3
- Outcome
- Mo, Mn, Zne3
- Direction
- promotede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e3“Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, N and P concentrations decreased in roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese4
- Treatment
- Under alkali stresse4
- Outcome
- concentrations of N and Pe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e4“Under alkali stress, the concentrations of N and P in roots and leaves decreased, while the concentrations of K in roots and leaves increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, K concentrations increased in roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese4
- Treatment
- Under alkali stresse4
- Outcome
- concentrations of Ke4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e4“Under alkali stress, the concentrations of N and P in roots and leaves decreased, while the concentrations of K in roots and leaves increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress inhibited uptake of P, Ca and S in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Alkali stresse5
- Outcome
- P, Ca, Se5
- Direction
- inhibitede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e5“Alkali stress inhibited P, Ca, S, N, Fe, and Zn uptake and N, P, Mg and B transport, but promoted K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Mg, and B uptake and K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Zn transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress promoted uptake of K, Mn and Cu in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Alkali stresse5
- Outcome
- K, Mn, Cue5
- Direction
- promotede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e5“Alkali stress inhibited P, Ca, S, N, Fe, and Zn uptake and N, P, Mg and B transport, but promoted K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Mg, and B uptake and K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Zn transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 93 metabolites increased in leaves.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese6
- Treatment
- Under salt stress in the leavese6
- Outcome
- metabolitese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 93 metabolitese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e6“Under salt stress in the leaves, 93 metabolites increased, mainly organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, increased in abundance, while 6 decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 72 metabolites increased in roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse6
- Outcome
- metabolitese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 72 metabolitese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e6“Under salt stress in the leaves, 93 metabolites increased, mainly organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, increased in abundance, while 6 decreased”
e7“In the roots, 72 metabolites increased, mainly amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, while 18 decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, 96 metabolites increased in leaves.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- Under alkali stresse7
- Outcome
- metabolitese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 96 metabolitese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e7“Under alkali stress, in the leaves, 96 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; In the roots, 108 metabolites increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, 108 metabolites increased in roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Treatment
- Under alkali stresse7
- Outcome
- metabolitese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 108 metabolitese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress”
e7“Under alkali stress, in the leaves, 96 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; In the roots, 108 metabolites increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress by accumulating organic acids, amino acids and sugars.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Under salt stresse0
- Outcome
- adapts to osmotic stresse0
- Qualifier
- through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars, while under alkali stress, osmoregulation was achieved via inorganic ion accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, osmoregulation is achieved via inorganic ion accumulation in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- under alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- osmoregulatione0
- Qualifier
- inorganic ion accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars, while under alkali stress, osmoregulation was achieved via inorganic ion accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in cotton roots is the key response mechanism to alkalinity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- key response mechanisme0
- Qualifier
- Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in the rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in the roots is the key response mechanism of cotton to alkalinity”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.