Abstract
Increasing the vegetative growth period of crops can increase biomass and grain yield. In rice (Oryza sativa), the concentration of trans -zeatin, an active cytokinin, was high in the leaves during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly upon induction of florigen expression, suggesting that this hormone is involved in the regulation of the vegetative phase. To elucidate whether exogenous cytokinin application influences the length of the vegetative phase, we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages. Our treatment delayed flowering time by 8-9 days when compared with mock-treated rice plants, but only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were produced. Our observations also showed that flowering in the paddy field is delayed by thidiazuron, a stable chemical that mimics the effects of cytokinin. The transcript levels of florigen genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were significantly reduced by the treatment, but the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), a gene found directly upstream of the florigen genes, was not altered. In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a. We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type-B response regulator. We also observed that cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants. Our study indicates that cytokinin application increases the duration of the vegetative phase by delaying the expression of florigen genes in rice and maize by inhibiting Ehd1.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Trans-zeatin concentration in rice leaves was high during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly when florigen expression was induced.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae2 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- concentration of trans -zeatine1
- Direction
- decreased rapidlye1
- Qualifier
- high in the leaves during vegetative growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the concentration of trans -zeatin, an active cytokinin, was high in the leaves during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly upon induction of florigen expression”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous BAP delayed flowering time of rice by 8-9 days compared with mock-treated plants, but only at the transition stage when flowering signals were produced.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)e2
- Outcome
- flowering timee1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Value
- 8-9 dayse1
- Qualifier
- only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were producede1
- Comparator
- mock-treated rice plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our treatment delayed flowering time by 8-9 days when compared with mock-treated rice plants, but only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were produced”
e2“we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Thidiazuron, a cytokinin mimic, delayed flowering in the paddy field in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- thidiazurone1
- Outcome
- floweringe1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Setting
- paddy fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our observations also showed that flowering in the paddy field is delayed by thidiazuron, a stable chemical that mimics the effects of cytokinin”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP treatment significantly reduced the transcript levels of the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)e3
- Gene
- Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1)e1
- Outcome
- transcript levelse1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The transcript levels of florigen genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were significantly reduced by the treatment”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
e3“we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP treatment did not change the expression of Ehd1 in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)e3
- Gene
- Early heading date 1 (Ehd1)e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- not alterede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“but the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), a gene found directly upstream of the florigen genes, was not altered”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
e3“we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP treatment increased the vegetative phase of maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP treatment inhibited expression of the maize florigen ortholog ZCN8.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin treatment induced expression of the type-A response regulators OsRR1 and OsRR2 in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- cytokinin treatmente1
- Gene
- type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2)e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type-B response regulator”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
OsRR1 and OsRR2 interacted with Ehd1 in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Gene
- OsRR1 and OsRR2e1
- Outcome
- interacted with Ehd1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type-B response regulator”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- ehd1 knockout mutantse1
- Treatment
- cytokinine1
- Outcome
- flowering timee1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We also observed that cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants”
e2“In rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin application lengthens the vegetative phase in rice and maize by delaying florigen gene expression through inhibition of Ehd1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- cytokinin applicatione1
- Gene
- Ehd1e1
- Outcome
- duration of the vegetative phasee1
- Direction
- increasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our study indicates that cytokinin application increases the duration of the vegetative phase by delaying the expression of florigen genes in rice and maize by inhibiting Ehd1”
The same questions in other papers
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N-benzyladenine · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.