Abstract
The escalating food demand and loss to herbivores has led to increasing interest in using resistance-inducing microbes for pest control. Here, we evaluated whether root-inoculation with fungi that are otherwise known as entomopathogens improves tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaflets’ reaction to herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) larvae using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plants were inoculated with Metarhizium brunneum or Beauveria bassiana, and photosystem II reactions were evaluated before and after larval feeding. Before herbivory, the fraction of absorbed light energy used for photochemistry (ΦPSII) was lower in M. brunneum-inoculated than in control plants, but not in B. bassiana-inoculated plants. After herbivory, however, ΦPSII increased in the fungal-inoculated plants compared with that before herbivory, similar to the reaction of control plants. At the same time, the fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ) decreased in the inoculated plants, resulting in an increased fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in M. brunneum. This indicates an increased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation not detected in B. bassiana-inoculated plants, showing that the two entomopathogenic fungi differentially modulate the leaflets’ response to herbivory. Overall, our results show that M. brunneum inoculation had a negative effect on the photosynthetic efficiency before herbivory, while B. bassiana inoculation had no significant effect. However, S. exigua leaf biting activated the same compensatory PSII response mechanism in tomato plants of both fungal-inoculated treatments as in control plants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Before herbivory, M. brunneum-inoculated tomato plants had lower ΦPSII than control plants.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- M. brunneum-inoculatede3
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume3symbiont
- Outcome
- ΦPSIIe3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- control plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e3“Before herbivory, the fraction of absorbed light energy used for photochemistry (ΦPSII) was lower in M. brunneum-inoculated than in control plants, but not in B. bassiana-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana inoculation had no significant effect on tomato photosynthetic efficiency before herbivory.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- B. bassiana inoculatione6
- Interactor
- B. bassiana
Beauveria bassianae6symbiont - Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye6
- Direction
- no significant effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e6“M. brunneum inoculation had a negative effect on the photosynthetic efficiency before herbivory, while B. bassiana inoculation had no significant effect”
Claim · model-written summary
After herbivory, ΦPSII of fungal-inoculated tomato plants increased compared with before herbivory, similar to control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- fungal-inoculatede4
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exigua
Spodoptera exiguae2herbivore - Outcome
- ΦPSIIe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e2“by Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) larvae”
e4“After herbivory, however, ΦPSII increased in the fungal-inoculated plants compared with that before herbivory, similar to the reaction of control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tomato plants had a decreased fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse5
- Outcome
- ΦNPQe5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“the fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ) decreased in the inoculated plants, resulting in an increased fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in M. brunneum”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum inoculation increased the fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- M. brunneume5
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume5symbiont
- Outcome
- nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“the fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ) decreased in the inoculated plants, resulting in an increased fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in M. brunneum”
Claim · model-written summary
The M. brunneum-associated response indicates an increased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation in tomato that was not detected in B. bassiana-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume5symbiont
- Outcome
- singlet oxygen (1O2) formatione0
- Qualifier
- not detected in B. bassiana-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“the fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ) decreased in the inoculated plants, resulting in an increased fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in M. brunneum”
e0“This indicates an increased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation not detected in B. bassiana-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Spodoptera exigua leaf biting activated the same compensatory PSII response in tomato of both fungal-inoculated treatments as in control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- fungal-inoculated treatmentse7
- Interactor
- S. exiguaSpodoptera exiguae7herbivore
- Outcome
- compensatory PSII response mechanisme7
- Direction
- activatede7
- Comparator
- control plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e7“S. exigua leaf biting activated the same compensatory PSII response mechanism in tomato plants of both fungal-inoculated treatments as in control plants”
The same questions in other papers
Beauveria bassiana · physiology: photosynthesis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.