Abstract
Chinese kale baby leaves were hydroponically cultured under the basal light (Red: white LEDs = 2:3 at PPFD of 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) with different supplemental lighting, including individual ultraviolet-A (UV-A, 380 ± 10 nm, 20 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ), far-red (FR, 735 ± 10 nm, 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) light, and their combination (UF) radiation in an artificial light plant factory. Effects of supplemental light qualities on morphology and physiology as well as health-promoting compounds of Chinese kale baby leaves were investigated. Application of UV-A and FR presented a positive effect on biomass, with a pronounced increase in petiole length, stem diameter, main stem length, and leaf area. Notably, plants under UF grew more vigorously than under other treatments. Higher levels of FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid were observed in plants under UV-A, while no striking changes or a decreasing trend recorded under FR and UF. Moreover, UV-A enhanced the glucosinolates (GLs) accumulation in Chinese kale baby leaves by increasing the predominant GLs (glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin) contents. RT-qPCR results indicated that UV-A upregulated the gene expressions of transcription factors and core structure genes related to GLs biosynthesis. However, downregulated or unchanged gene expressions of GLs biosynthesis-related genes in Chinese kale baby leaves were observed in FR and UF. Therefore, UV-A was benefited for the production of functional substances, while FR was conducive to a significant increase in crop yield. The combination of UV-A and FR, as a balance between yield and production of secondary metabolite, provided a new perspective for the application of artificial light in horticultural crop production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental UV-A and FR light had a positive effect on biomass of Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese Kale
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0 - Treatment
- UV-A and FRe2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- positive effecte2
- Comparator
- basal lighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e1“under the basal light (Red: white LEDs = 2:3 at PPFD of 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 )”
e2“Application of UV-A and FR presented a positive effect on biomass, with a pronounced increase in petiole length, stem diameter, main stem length, and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental UV-A and FR light increased petiole length, stem diameter and main stem length of Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-A and FRe2
- Outcome
- petiole length, stem diameter, main stem lengthe2
- Direction
- pronounced increasee2
- Comparator
- basal lighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e1“under the basal light (Red: white LEDs = 2:3 at PPFD of 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 )”
e2“Application of UV-A and FR presented a positive effect on biomass, with a pronounced increase in petiole length, stem diameter, main stem length, and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental UV-A and FR light increased leaf area of Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-A and FRe2
- Outcome
- leaf areae2
- Direction
- pronounced increasee2
- Comparator
- basal lighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e1“under the basal light (Red: white LEDs = 2:3 at PPFD of 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 )”
e2“Application of UV-A and FR presented a positive effect on biomass, with a pronounced increase in petiole length, stem diameter, main stem length, and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants under the combined UV-A and FR light (UF) grew more vigorously than under other treatments.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UFe3
- Outcome
- grewe3
- Direction
- more vigorouslye3
- Comparator
- other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e3“Notably, plants under UF grew more vigorously than under other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Under UV-A, FRAP, vitamin C and total phenolic contents of Chinese kale baby leaves were higher.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-Ae4
- Outcome
- FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolice4
- Direction
- Highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e4“Higher levels of FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid were observed in plants under UV-A, while no striking changes or a decreasing trend recorded under FR and UF”
Claim · model-written summary
Under UV-A, flavonoid content of Chinese kale baby leaves was higher.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-Ae4
- Outcome
- flavonoide4
- Direction
- Highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e4“Higher levels of FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid were observed in plants under UV-A, while no striking changes or a decreasing trend recorded under FR and UF”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FR and UF light, FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid showed no striking changes or a decreasing trend.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- FR and UFe4
- Outcome
- FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoide4
- Direction
- no striking changes or a decreasing trende4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e4“Higher levels of FRAP, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid were observed in plants under UV-A, while no striking changes or a decreasing trend recorded under FR and UF”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-A enhanced glucosinolate accumulation in Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Organ / stage
- baby leavese5
- Treatment
- UV-Ae5
- Outcome
- glucosinolates (GLs) accumulatione5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e5“UV-A enhanced the glucosinolates (GLs) accumulation in Chinese kale baby leaves by increasing the predominant GLs (glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-A increased the predominant glucosinolate contents, glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin, in Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-Ae5
- Outcome
- predominant GLs (glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin) contentse5
- Direction
- increasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e5“UV-A enhanced the glucosinolates (GLs) accumulation in Chinese kale baby leaves by increasing the predominant GLs (glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-A upregulated the expression of transcription factors and core structure genes related to glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- UV-Ae6
- Gene
- transcription factors and core structure genes related to GLs biosynthesise6
- Outcome
- gene expressions of transcription factors and core structure genese6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e6“RT-qPCR results indicated that UV-A upregulated the gene expressions of transcription factors and core structure genes related to GLs biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FR and UF light, expression of glucosinolate biosynthesis-related genes was downregulated or unchanged.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- FR and UFe7
- Gene
- GLs biosynthesis-related genese7
- Outcome
- gene expressions of GLs biosynthesis-related genese7
- Direction
- downregulated or unchangede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e7“However, downregulated or unchanged gene expressions of GLs biosynthesis-related genes in Chinese kale baby leaves were observed in FR and UF”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light gave a significant increase in crop yield of Chinese kale baby leaves.
- Taxon
- Chinese KaleBrassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0
- Treatment
- FRe7
- Outcome
- crop yielde7
- Direction
- increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulation of Growth and Main Health-Promoting Compounds of Chinese Kale Baby-Leaf by UV-A and FR Light”
e7“FR was conducive to a significant increase in crop yield”
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