Abstract
Seed endophytic bacteria (SEB) are primary symbionts that play crucial roles in plant growth and development. The present study reports the isolation of seven culturable SEB including Kosakonia cowanii (KAS1), Bacillus subtilis (KAS2), Bacillus tequilensis (KAS3), Pantoea stewartii (KAS4), Paenibacillus dendritiformis (KAS5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KAS6), and Bacillus velezensis (KAS7) in pearl millet seeds. All the isolates were characterized for their plant growth promoting activities. Most of the SEB also inhibited the growth of tested fungal phytopathogens in dual plate culture. Removal of these SEB from seeds compromised the growth and development of seedlings, however, re-inoculation with the SEB ( Kosakonia cowanii , Pantoea stewartii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) restored the growth and development of seedlings significantly. Fluorescence microscopy showed inter and intracellular colonization of SEB in root parenchyma and root hair cells. Lipopeptides were extracted from all three Bacillus spp. which showed strong antifungal activity against tested fungal pathogens. Antifungal lipopeptide genes were also screened in Bacillus spp. After lipopeptide treatment, live-dead staining with fluorescence microscopy along with bright-field and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed structural deformation and cell death in Fusarium mycelia and spores. Furthermore, the development of pores in the membrane and leakages of protoplasmic substances from cells and ultimately death of hyphae and spores were also confirmed. In microcosm assays, treatment of seeds with Bacillus subtilis or application of its lipopeptide alone significantly protected seedlings from Fusarium sp. infection.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Seven culturable seed endophytic bacteria were isolated from pearl millet seeds.
- Taxon
- pearl millet
Cenchrus americanuse0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- isolation of seven culturable SEBe0
- Value
- sevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present study reports the isolation of seven culturable SEB including Kosakonia cowanii (KAS1), Bacillus subtilis (KAS2), Bacillus tequilensis (KAS3), Pantoea stewartii (KAS4), Paenibacillus dendritiformis (KAS5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KAS6), and Bacillus velezensis (KAS7) in pearl millet seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most seed endophytes inhibited tested fungal phytopathogens in dual culture.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Interactor
- tested fungal phytopathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of tested fungal phytopathogense0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- Most of the SEBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the SEB also inhibited the growth of tested fungal phytopathogens in dual plate culture.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing seed endophytes compromised pearl millet seedling growth and development.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- Removal of these SEB from seedse0
- Interactor
- SEBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and development of seedlingse0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of these SEB from seeds compromised the growth and development of seedlings”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-inoculation with Kosakonia cowanii significantly restored seedling growth and development.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- re-inoculation with the SEBe0
- Interactor
- Kosakonia cowaniiKosakonia cowaniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and development of seedlingse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“re-inoculation with the SEB ( Kosakonia cowanii , Pantoea stewartii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) restored the growth and development of seedlings significantly.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-inoculation with Pantoea stewartii significantly restored seedling growth and development.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- re-inoculation with the SEBe0
- Interactor
- Pantoea stewartiiPantoea stewartiie0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and development of seedlingse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“re-inoculation with the SEB ( Kosakonia cowanii , Pantoea stewartii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) restored the growth and development of seedlings significantly.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly restored seedling growth and development.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- re-inoculation with the SEBe0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosae0symbiont - Outcome
- growth and development of seedlingse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“re-inoculation with the SEB ( Kosakonia cowanii , Pantoea stewartii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) restored the growth and development of seedlings significantly.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence microscopy showed seed endophyte colonization in root parenchyma and root hair cells.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Organ / stage
- root parenchyma and root hair cellse0
- Interactor
- SEBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- inter and intracellular colonization of SEBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluorescence microscopy showed inter and intracellular colonization of SEB in root parenchyma and root hair cells.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptides from Bacillus species showed strong antifungal activity.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Interactor
- tested fungal pathogense0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus spp.e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- strong antifungal activity against tested fungal pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipopeptides were extracted from all three Bacillus spp. which showed strong antifungal activity against tested fungal pathogens.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptide treatment deformed and killed Fusarium mycelia and spores.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- lipopeptide treatmente0
- Outcome
- structural deformation and cell death in Fusarium mycelia and sporese0
FusariumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After lipopeptide treatment, live-dead staining with fluorescence microscopy along with bright-field and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed structural deformation and cell death in Fusarium mycelia and spores.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptide treatment caused membrane pores, protoplasm leakage, and death of Fusarium hyphae and spores.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Outcome
- development of pores in the membrane and leakages of protoplasmic substances from cells and ultimately death of hyphae and sporese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the development of pores in the membrane and leakages of protoplasmic substances from cells and ultimately death of hyphae and spores were also confirmed.”
e1“Fusarium mycelia and spores”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis seed treatment significantly protected pearl millet seedlings from Fusarium infection.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- treatment of seeds with Bacillus subtilise0
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Fusarium sp. infectione0
- Direction
- protectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of seeds with Bacillus subtilis or application of its lipopeptide alone significantly protected seedlings from Fusarium sp. infection.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis lipopeptide alone significantly protected seedlings from Fusarium infection.
- Taxon
- pearl milletCenchrus americanust0
- Treatment
- application of its lipopeptide alonee0
- Outcome
- Fusarium sp. infectione0
- Direction
- protectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of its lipopeptide alone significantly protected seedlings from Fusarium sp. infection.”
t0“Pearl Millet”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · growth · Cenchrus americanus (pearl millet)Positive and negative results
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