Abstract
Background: Sida hermaphrodita (Virginia fanpetals) was introduced to Poland nearly 70 years ago as a potential fodder plant, and it is gaining importance as an energy crop. Alternaria alternata transmitted by seeds may exert a negative effect on the health of Virginia fanpetals plants. Methods: The virulence of the A. alternata pathogen, isolated from Virginia fanpetals seeds, was tested on detached leaves of Virginia fanpetals plants. The isolates were identified as A. alternata based on partial sequence analysis of Alta1, TEF1a and gdp genes and the ITS 1–5.8SrDNA–ITS 2 region. Pathogen transmission from seeds to seedlings and the influence of seed dressing with a suspension of Aureobasidium pullulans on seedling health were analyzed in a greenhouse experiment. Results: Three of the nine analyzed A. alternata isolates were highly pathogenic for S. hermaphrodita. The initial symptoms of leaf infection were small, round dark brown or black spots which grew into larger dark brown spots surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Alternaria alternata was re-isolated from inoculated plants and was identified as the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot disease. In the greenhouse experiment, S. hermaphrodita seeds dressed with a suspension of A. pullulans and inoculated with A. alternata produced a higher number of seedlings with a higher health status than non-dressed seeds. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that A. alternata is transmitted from infected S. hermaphrodita seeds to developing plants and biological control limits this phenomenon.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Three of nine Alternaria alternata isolates were highly pathogenic to Sida hermaphrodita.
- Taxon
- S. hermaphrodita
Ripariosida hermaphroditae0 - Interactor
- A. alternata
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Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Outcome
- highly pathogenice0
- Value
- Three of the ninee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Three of the nine analyzed A. alternata isolates were highly pathogenic for S. hermaphrodita.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria leaf infection began as small dark spots that enlarged and developed chlorotic halos.
- Taxon
- Sida hermaphroditaRipariosida hermaphroditat0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- symptoms of leaf infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The initial symptoms of leaf infection were small, round dark brown or black spots which grew into larger dark brown spots surrounded by a chlorotic halo.”
t0“Alternaria alternata as a Seed-Transmitted Pathogen of Sida hermaphrodita (Malvaceae) and Its Suppression by Aureobasidium pullulans”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria alternata was re-isolated from inoculated plants and identified as the causal agent of leaf spot.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternaria alternata was re-isolated from inoculated plants and was identified as the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot disease.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aureobasidium-dressed, Alternaria-inoculated seeds yielded more Sida seedlings than non-dressed seeds.
- Taxon
- S. hermaphroditaRipariosida hermaphroditae0
- Treatment
- dressed with a suspension of A. pullulans and inoculated with A. alternatae0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- number of seedlingse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-dressed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. hermaphrodita seeds dressed with a suspension of A. pullulans and inoculated with A. alternata produced a higher number of seedlings with a higher health status than non-dressed seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aureobasidium-dressed, Alternaria-inoculated seeds yielded Sida seedlings with higher health status than non-dressed seeds.
- Taxon
- S. hermaphroditaRipariosida hermaphroditae0
- Treatment
- dressed with a suspension of A. pullulans and inoculated with A. alternatae0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. pullulansAureobasidium pullulanse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- health statuse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-dressed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. hermaphrodita seeds dressed with a suspension of A. pullulans and inoculated with A. alternata produced a higher number of seedlings with a higher health status than non-dressed seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria alternata transmitted from infected Sida seeds to developing plants.
- Taxon
- S. hermaphroditaRipariosida hermaphroditae0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- transmitted from infected S. hermaphrodita seeds to developing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. alternata is transmitted from infected S. hermaphrodita seeds to developing plants”