Abstract
Purpose. Examine the formation of lettuce yield losses depending on the type of weeds and pests. Methods. Field, mathematical and statistical. Results. The most common in lettuce crops during the growing season are Cirsium avrense, Sonchus avrensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Elymus repens, Sinapis avrensis, and Poligonum convolulus. It has been experimentally established that depending on the number of weeds in lettuce crops, there were different yield losses. The lowest yield losses (0.01 to 0.05 t) were in the amount of weeds from 5 to 8 pieces/m2. The increase in weeds has contributed to the loss of lettuce yield. However, this figure varied depending on weed species. Thus, with the growth of Sinapis avrensis, Consolida avrensis and Poligonum convolulus, the loss of yield was significantly lower compared to the control with the largest number of the weeds (0.30 t/ha). The largest yield losses (0.35–0.41 t/ha) were from Poligonum convolulus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sonchus avrensis in the amount of 20 plants/m2. Given the growth of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Cirsium avrense, this figure varied from 0.02 to 0.36 t/ha, depending on their number. The number of peach and melon aphids was from 1.0 to 1.5 specimens/plant, and other pests from 1.0 to 1.5 plants/m2. It should be noted that their number did not change much under varying weather conditions of the research years. The highest yield was obtained with the complex protection of lettuce plants. This indicator varied from 42.7 to 43.0 t/ha in different years of the study with the yield of marketable products at the level of 75–82%. If only the herbicide was used, the yield of lettuce decreased by only 3–5%, if only insecticide – by 12–13% compared to full protection. Weed infestation reduced the weed yield the most (60–66%). Conclusions. It was investigated that with the growth of Sinapis avrensis, Consolida avrensis and Poligonum convolulus, the loss of lettuce yield is the smallest, 0.18–0.26 t/ha. The largest yield losses (0.35–0.41 t/ha) occurred from Poligonum convolulus and Cirsium avrense in the amount of 20 plants/m2. With Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Cirsium avrense, this figure is from 0.02 to 0.36 t/ha, depending on their amount. Peach aphid (Myzodes persicae Sulz), melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glov.), Chrysanthemum fly agaric [Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch)], mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) and garden snail (Arion hortensis Ferussac) were found in lettuce crops. The number of peach aphids and watermelon aphids varies from 1.0 to 1.5 pest/plant, and other pests from 1.0 to 1.5 plants/m2. The highest yield was obtained with complex protection of lettuce plants – from 42.7 to 43.0 t/ha at the yield of marketable products at the level of 75–82%. If only the herbicide is used, the yield of lettuce is 41.0–41.5 t/ha with a yield of marketable products of 70–73%, if only insecticide, respectively, 37.3–38.0 t/ha and 60–66%. Lettuce weeds reduced the yield of marketable product the most.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Six weed species were most common in lettuce crops during the growing season.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Interactor
- Cirsium avrensee0weed
- Outcome
- most commone0
- Qualifier
- Sonchus avrensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Elymus repens, Sinapis avrensis, and Poligonum convoluluse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most common in lettuce crops during the growing season are Cirsium avrense, Sonchus avrensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Elymus repens, Sinapis avrensis, and Poligonum convolulus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 to 8 weeds per square metre, lettuce had the lowest yield loss, 0.01 to 0.05 t.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.01 to 0.05 te0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 8 pieces/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest yield losses (0.01 to 0.05 t) were in the amount of weeds from 5 to 8 pieces/m2”
e1“The most common in lettuce crops during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing weed number increased lettuce yield loss.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in weeds has contributed to the loss of lettuce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Sinapis avrensis, Consolida avrensis, and Poligonum convolulus caused lower lettuce yield loss than a high weed control, 0.30 t/ha.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- Sinapis avrensise0weed
- Second interactor
- Consolida avrensise0weed
- Outcome
- loss of yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 0.30 t/hae0
- Comparator
- control with the largest number of the weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the growth of Sinapis avrensis, Consolida avrensis and Poligonum convolulus, the loss of yield was significantly lower compared to the control with the largest number of the weeds (0.30 t/ha)”
e1“The increase in weeds has contributed to the loss of lettuce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants/m2, Poligonum convolulus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Sonchus avrensis were associated with 0.35–0.41 t/ha yield losses.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- Poligonum convoluluse0weed
- Second interactor
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0weed - Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Value
- 0.35–0.41 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 20 plants/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest yield losses (0.35–0.41 t/ha) were from Poligonum convolulus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sonchus avrensis in the amount of 20 plants/m2”
e1“The increase in weeds has contributed to the loss of lettuce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield loss with Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Cirsium avrense varied from 0.02 to 0.36 t/ha with their number.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- Ambrosia artemisiifoliaAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0weed
- Second interactor
- Cirsium avrensee0weed
- Outcome
- yield lossese1
- Value
- 0.02 to 0.36 t/hae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Given the growth of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Cirsium avrense, this figure varied from 0.02 to 0.36 t/ha, depending on their number”
e1“lettuce yield losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Peach and melon aphids occurred at 1.0 to 1.5 specimens per plant.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- peach and melon aphids
Prunus persica
Aphis gossypiie0pest - Outcome
- number of peach and melon aphidse0
- Value
- 1.0 to 1.5 specimens/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of peach and melon aphids was from 1.0 to 1.5 specimens/plant”
e1“The most common in lettuce crops during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Complex protection produced the highest lettuce yield, 42.7 to 43.0 t/ha.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- complex protectione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 42.7 to 43.0 t/hae0
- Comparator
- only the herbicidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield was obtained with the complex protection of lettuce plants. This indicator varied from 42.7 to 43.0 t/ha”
e1“If only the herbicide was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Complex protection yielded 75–82% marketable lettuce product.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- complex protectione0
- Outcome
- yield of marketable productse1
- Value
- 75–82%e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest yield was obtained with the complex protection of lettuce plants”
e1“with the yield of marketable products at the level of 75–82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide alone reduced lettuce yield by 3–5% relative to full protection.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- only the herbicidee0
- Outcome
- yield of lettucee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3–5%e0
- Comparator
- full protectione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If only the herbicide was used, the yield of lettuce decreased by only 3–5%”
e1“compared to full protection”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide alone reduced lettuce yield by 12–13% relative to full protection.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- only insecticidee0
- Outcome
- yield of lettucee1
- Value
- 12–13%e0
- Comparator
- full protectione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if only insecticide – by 12–13% compared to full protection”
e1“the yield of lettuce decreased by only 3–5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation reduced lettuce yield by 60–66%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed infestation reduced the weed yield the most (60–66%)”
e1“The increase in weeds has contributed to the loss of lettuce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide alone yielded 41.0–41.5 t/ha of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- only the herbicidee0
- Outcome
- yield of lettucee0
- Value
- 41.0–41.5 t/hae0
- Comparator
- full protectione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If only the herbicide is used, the yield of lettuce is 41.0–41.5 t/ha”
e1“full protection”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide alone yielded 70–73% marketable lettuce product.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- only the herbicidee0
- Outcome
- yield of marketable productse0
- Value
- 70–73%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If only the herbicide is used, the yield of lettuce is 41.0–41.5 t/ha with a yield of marketable products of 70–73%”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide alone yielded 37.3–38.0 t/ha of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- only insecticidee0
- Outcome
- yield of lettucee1
- Value
- 37.3–38.0 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if only insecticide, respectively, 37.3–38.0 t/ha and 60–66%”
e1“the yield of lettuce is 41.0–41.5 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide alone yielded 60–66% marketable lettuce product.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae2
- Treatment
- only insecticidee0
- Outcome
- yield of marketable productse1
- Value
- 60–66%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if only insecticide, respectively, 37.3–38.0 t/ha and 60–66%”
e1“with a yield of marketable products of 70–73%”
e2“The most common in lettuce crops during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Peach aphid, melon aphid, fly agaric, mole cricket, and garden snail were found in lettuce crops.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- Peach aphide0pest
- Second interactor
- melon aphidAphis gossypiie0pest
- Outcome
- were founde0
- Qualifier
- Chrysanthemum fly agaric [Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch)], mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) and garden snail (Arion hortensis Ferussac)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Peach aphid (Myzodes persicae Sulz), melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glov.), Chrysanthemum fly agaric [Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch)], mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) and garden snail (Arion hortensis Ferussac) were found in lettuce crops”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · yield · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
herbicide · yield · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.