Abstract
There is a growing trend towards enhancing the post-harvest shelf life and maintaining the nutritional quality of horticultural products using eco-friendly methods. Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds, which are key contributors to their health-promoting properties. However, raspberries are prone to a relatively short post-harvest lifespan. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) on decay control and shelf-life extension. The results demonstrated that MEL treatment significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P ≤ 0.01). Based on the findings, MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). Furthermore, the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP). Additionally, the samples exhibited higher levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes compared to the control samples. Moreover, the levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50 were decreased in the MEL-treated samples (P ≤ 0.01). The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained. Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the treatments into three groups based on their characteristics. Based on the Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, TAC, and TAA, a positive correlation was observed with antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and enzyme (PAL and CAT) activities. The results of this study have identified melatonin as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activities.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin significantly reduced the fruit decay rate of raspberries (P ≤ 0.01).
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM)”
e2“MEL treatment significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P ≤ 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin significantly increased total phenolics, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents of raspberries.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- MEL treatmente1
- Outcome
- total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin significantly increased titratable acidity of raspberries.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin-treated raspberry samples showed increased rutin and quercetin content.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- MEL-treated samplese1
- Outcome
- rutin and quercetin contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin-treated raspberry samples showed increased antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- MEL-treated samplese1
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin samples had higher PAL and CAT enzyme levels than control samples.
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM)”
e2“the samples exhibited higher levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes compared to the control samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin-treated raspberry samples showed decreased pH, total soluble solids and IC50.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- MEL-treated samplese1
- Outcome
- levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“the levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50 were decreased in the MEL-treated samples (P ≤ 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest titratable acidity of raspberry (0.619 g/100 ml juice) was at 0.001 mM melatonin treatment.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- 0.001 mM treatmente1
- Outcome
- TAe1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 0.619 g/100 ml juicee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest rutin content of raspberry (16.722 µg/ml juice) was at 0.001 mM melatonin treatment.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- 0.001 mM treatmente1
- Outcome
- rutine1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 16.722 µg/ml juicee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest quercetin content of raspberry (1.467 µg/ml juice) was at 0.001 mM melatonin treatment.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- 0.001 mM treatmente1
- Outcome
- quercetine1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 1.467 µg/ml juicee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest PAL activity of raspberry (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was at 0.001 mM melatonin treatment.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- 0.001 mM treatmente1
- Outcome
- PAL activitye1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 225.696 nm/g FW/mine1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest TAC of raspberry (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) was at 0.01 mM melatonin.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- a concentration of 0.01 mMe1
- Outcome
- TACe1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juicee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest CAT activity of raspberry (0.696 u/g FW) was at 0.1 mM melatonin.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- a concentration of 0.1 mMe1
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 0.696 u/g FWe1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest TAL activity of raspberry (9.553 nm/100 g FW) was at 0.1 mM melatonin.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- a concentration of 0.1 mMe1
- Outcome
- TAL activitiese1
- Direction
- highest amounte1
- Value
- 9.553 nm/100 g FWe1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
A melatonin concentration of 0.001 mM is recommended for further raspberry research.
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research”
Claim · model-written summary
The melatonin concentrations did not differ significantly in their effects on raspberry.
- Taxon
- Raspberriese0
- Treatment
- melatonin concentrationse1
- Outcome
- effects of melatonin concentrationse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research”
Claim · model-written summary
Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses divided the raspberry treatments into three groups.
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the treatments into three groups based on their characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and TAA correlated positively with antioxidant and enzyme activities of raspberry.
Verbatim
e0“Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds”
e1“Based on the Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, TAC, and TAA, a positive correlation was observed with antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and enzyme (PAL and CAT) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin was identified as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits.
- Taxon
- raspberry fruitse1
- Treatment
- melatonine1
- Outcome
- shelf lifee1
- Direction
- enhancese1
- Qualifier
- by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activitiese1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The results of this study have identified melatonin as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activities”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.