Abstract
Inefficient water management in rice paddy is responsible for a large quantity of water and nutrient loss, which causes tremendous economic and environmental costs. Yet, quantified data on the water and nutrient losses are limited. A study was conducted during 2018-2019 with an Aman (wet)-Boro (dry)-Aman (wet) rice rotation to evaluate the effect of water management on water and nutrient losses through different pathways. The treatments in 2018 Aman season were: (i) rainfed, (ii) I6D (irrigation after six days of ponded water disappearance), and (iii) I3D. In 2019, the Boro season had (i) I6D and (ii) I3D, and the Aman season had (i) rainfed, (ii) I9D, and (iii) I1D treatments. The water input and output from the studied lysimeters were measured daily, and samples from the leachates, ponded water, and topsoil were routinely analyzed for nutrient content. In both Aman seasons, the rainfed cultivation had lower percolation losses (38-44 % of total input) than other treatments (45-70 %). Evapotranspiration in the Boro season (5.4-5.9 mm/day) was higher than that in the Aman seasons (4.2-4.6 mm/day) because of the drier Boro season. Ammonium (NH4⁺-N) leached at 0.6-6.7 mg/L and nitrate (NO3⁻-N) 0.6-5.6 mg/L in these rice seasons. Phosphorus concentration ranged 0.04-0.37 mg/L in the leachates and 0.04-0.51 mg/L in the ponded water. The rainfed and I9D exerted higher nutrient leaching concentration in some events and less so for the I6D treatment than the I3D and I1D, possibly because of the better nitrification and preferential flow paths induced by the prolonged drying processes. However, the rainfed, I9D, and I6D had less leaching load than the I3D and I1D because the latter had larger percolation volume. For example, the I6D treatment in the Boro season reduced the N leaching load by 44 % and P load by 39 % compared with the I3D, and the I9D in 2019 Aman season had 42 and 13 % less N and P leaching load, respectively, than the I1D treatment. The findings will contribute to the effort of developing a sustainable and climate-resilient rice production system.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed Aman rice had lower percolation losses than irrigated treatments in both seasons.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- rainfed cultivatione0
- Outcome
- percolation lossese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 38-44 % of total inpute0
- Qualifier
- 45-70 %e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both Aman seasons, the rainfed cultivation had lower percolation losses (38-44 % of total input) than other treatments (45-70 %).”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Boro rice evapotranspiration was higher than Aman rice evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Evapotranspiratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.4-5.9 mm/daye0
- Qualifier
- 4.2-4.6 mm/daye0
- Comparator
- Aman seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Evapotranspiration in the Boro season (5.4-5.9 mm/day) was higher than that in the Aman seasons (4.2-4.6 mm/day) because of the drier Boro season.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium leached at 0.6-6.7 mg/L across the rice seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Ammonium (NH4⁺-N) leachede0
- Value
- 0.6-6.7 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium (NH4⁺-N) leached at 0.6-6.7 mg/L and nitrate (NO3⁻-N) 0.6-5.6 mg/L in these rice seasons.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate leached at 0.6-5.6 mg/L across the rice seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- nitrate (NO3⁻-N)e0
- Value
- 0.6-5.6 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium (NH4⁺-N) leached at 0.6-6.7 mg/L and nitrate (NO3⁻-N) 0.6-5.6 mg/L in these rice seasons.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.04 to 0.37 mg/L in rice leachates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentratione0
- Value
- 0.04-0.37 mg/Le0
- Qualifier
- leachatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus concentration ranged 0.04-0.37 mg/L in the leachates and 0.04-0.51 mg/L in the ponded water.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.04 to 0.51 mg/L in rice ponded water.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentratione0
- Value
- 0.04-0.51 mg/Le0
- Qualifier
- ponded watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus concentration ranged 0.04-0.37 mg/L in the leachates and 0.04-0.51 mg/L in the ponded water.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed and I9D rice treatments had higher nutrient leaching concentration in some events than I3D and I1D.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- rainfed and I9De0
- Outcome
- nutrient leaching concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in some eventse0
- Comparator
- I3D and I1De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rainfed and I9D exerted higher nutrient leaching concentration in some events and less so for the I6D treatment than the I3D and I1D”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
I6D rice treatment had lower nutrient leaching concentration than I3D and I1D in some events.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I6D treatmente0
- Outcome
- nutrient leaching concentratione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- in some eventse0
- Comparator
- I3D and I1De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rainfed and I9D exerted higher nutrient leaching concentration in some events and less so for the I6D treatment than the I3D and I1D”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed, I9D and I6D rice treatments had less leaching load than I3D and I1D.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- rainfed, I9D, and I6De0
- Outcome
- leaching loade0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- I3D and I1De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rainfed, I9D, and I6D had less leaching load than the I3D and I1D because the latter had larger percolation volume.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
I3D and I1D rice treatments had larger percolation volume than rainfed, I9D and I6D.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I3D and I1De0
- Outcome
- percolation volumee0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- rainfed, I9D, and I6De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rainfed, I9D, and I6D had less leaching load than the I3D and I1D because the latter had larger percolation volume.”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
I6D reduced Boro rice nitrogen leaching load by 44 % versus I3D.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I6D treatmente0
- Outcome
- N leaching loade0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44 %e0
- Qualifier
- Boro seasone0
- Comparator
- I3De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I6D treatment in the Boro season reduced the N leaching load by 44 % and P load by 39 % compared with the I3D”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
I6D reduced Boro rice phosphorus leaching load by 39 % versus I3D.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I6D treatmente0
- Outcome
- P loade0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39 %e0
- Qualifier
- Boro seasone0
- Comparator
- I3De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I6D treatment in the Boro season reduced the N leaching load by 44 % and P load by 39 % compared with the I3D”
e1“these rice seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
I9D had 42 % less nitrogen leaching load than I1D in the 2019 Aman rice season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I9De0
- Outcome
- N leaching loade2
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 42e0
- Qualifier
- 2019 Aman seasone0
- Comparator
- I1D treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I9D in 2019 Aman season had 42 and 13 % less N and P leaching load, respectively, than the I1D treatment.”
e1“these rice seasons”
e2“N leaching load”
Claim · model-written summary
I9D had 13 % less phosphorus leaching load than I1D in the 2019 Aman rice season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- I9De0
- Outcome
- P leaching loade0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 13 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2019 Aman seasone0
- Comparator
- I1D treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the I9D in 2019 Aman season had 42 and 13 % less N and P leaching load, respectively, than the I1D treatment.”
e1“these rice seasons”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.