Abstract
Coumestrol is a natural organic compound synthesized in soy leaves and functions as a phytoalexin. The coumestrol levels in plants are reported to increase upon insect attack. This study investigates the correlation between coumestrol, senescence, and the effect of phytohormones on the coumestrol levels in soybean leaves. Our analysis involving high-performance liquid chromatography and 2-D gel electrophoresis indicated a significant difference in the biochemical composition of soybean leaves at various young and mature growth stages. Eight chemical compounds were specifically detected in young leaves (V1) only, whereas three different coumestans isotrifoliol, coumestrol, and phaseol were detected only in mature, yellow leaves of the R6 and R7 growth stage. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was used to identify two proteins 3,9 -dihydroxypterocarpan 6A-monooxygenase (CYP93A1) and isoflavone reductase homolog 2 (IFR2) only in mature leaves, which are key components of the coumestrol biosynthetic pathway. This indicates that senescence in soybean is linked to the accumulation of coumestrol. Following the external application of coumestrol, the detached V1-stage young leaves turned yellow and showed an interesting development of roots at the base of the midrib. Additionally, the application of phytohormones, including SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon alone and in various combinations induced yellowing within 5 days of the application with a concomitant significant increase in endogenous coumestrol accumulation. This was also accompanied by a significant increase in the expression of genes CYP81E28 (Gm08G089500), CYP81E22 (Gm16G149300), GmIFS1 , and GmIFS2 . These results indicate that various coumestans, especially coumestrol, accumulate during leaf maturity, or senescence in soybean.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean leaves differed significantly in biochemical composition between young and mature stages.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- young and mature growth stagese0
- Outcome
- biochemical compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant difference in the biochemical composition of soybean leaves at various young and mature growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight chemical compounds were detected only in young soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- young leaves (V1)e0
- Outcome
- Eight chemical compounds were specifically detectede0
- Value
- Eight chemical compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Eight chemical compounds were specifically detected in young leaves (V1) only”
Claim · model-written summary
Isotrifoliol, coumestrol, and phaseol were detected only in mature yellow soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- mature, yellow leaves of the R6 and R7 growth stagee0
- Outcome
- isotrifoliol, coumestrol, and phaseol were detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“three different coumestans isotrifoliol, coumestrol, and phaseol were detected only in mature, yellow leaves of the R6 and R7 growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP93A1 and IFR2 were identified only in mature soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- mature leavese0
- Gene
- 3,9 -dihydroxypterocarpan 6A-monooxygenase (CYP93A1) and isoflavone reductase homolog 2 (IFR2)e0
- Outcome
- two proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“two proteins 3,9 -dihydroxypterocarpan 6A-monooxygenase (CYP93A1) and isoflavone reductase homolog 2 (IFR2) only in mature leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumestrol application yellowed detached young soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- detached V1-stage young leavese0
- Treatment
- external application of coumestrole0
- Outcome
- detached V1-stage young leaves turned yellowe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Following the external application of coumestrol, the detached V1-stage young leaves turned yellow”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumestrol application induced roots at the midrib base of detached young soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- detached V1-stage young leavese0
- Treatment
- external application of coumestrole0
- Outcome
- development of roots at the base of the midribe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“Following the external application of coumestrol, the detached V1-stage young leaves turned yellow and showed an interesting development of roots at the base of the midrib”
Claim · model-written summary
SA application induced yellowing in soybean leaves within five days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- yellowinge0
- Value
- 5 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“application of phytohormones, including SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon alone and in various combinations induced yellowing within 5 days of the application”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl jasmonate application induced yellowing in soybean leaves within five days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- methyl jasmonate (MeJA)e0
- Outcome
- yellowinge0
- Value
- 5 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“application of phytohormones, including SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon alone and in various combinations induced yellowing within 5 days of the application”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application induced yellowing in soybean leaves within five days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- yellowinge0
- Value
- 5 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“application of phytohormones, including SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon alone and in various combinations induced yellowing within 5 days of the application”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application significantly increased endogenous coumestrol accumulation in soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- phytohormonese0
- Outcome
- endogenous coumestrol accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“application of phytohormones, including SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon alone and in various combinations induced yellowing within 5 days of the application with a concomitant significant increase in endogenous coumestrol accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application significantly increased expression of four soybean genes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- phytohormonese1
- Gene
- CYP81E28 (Gm08G089500), CYP81E22 (Gm16G149300), GmIFS1 , and GmIFS2e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes CYP81E28 (Gm08G089500), CYP81E22 (Gm16G149300), GmIFS1 , and GmIFS2e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“This was also accompanied by a significant increase in the expression of genes CYP81E28 (Gm08G089500), CYP81E22 (Gm16G149300), GmIFS1 , and GmIFS2 .”
e1“application of phytohormones”
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.