Abstract
Abstract Onion is an important crop with significant roles in human diets. The growth, yield, and quality of vegetable crops, including onions, are more vulnerable to water stress than other crops. In this study, different levels of deficit irrigation (DI) as factor A (a1: 80%, a2: 70%, and a3: 60% of soil field capacity [FC]) and humic acid (HA) as factor B (b1: without and b2: with HA application) were evaluated on onion growth characteristics in a factorial design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction of DI and HA was significant on leaf protein, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and on bulb protein and potassium (K) concentrations. The highest record of these traits was observed in a3b2 (highest DI with HA application), and their lowest was in those at first level of DI (a1). Leaf protein and, to a lesser extent, bulb protein were increased by DI and HA applications. DI at 60% but not at 70% FC significantly reduced bulb fresh weight. There was a gradual increase in leaf proline, soluble sugars, protein, catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activity, and bulb K by application of DI; however, most of bulb traits including protein, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and CAT and POD activity were increased only under highest DI level (a3: 60% FC). However, application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI. The results indicated that HA benefitted onion growth particularly under DI conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation and humic acid interacted significantly for leaf protein, POD and SOD.
- Taxon
- Onion
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- DI and HAe0
- Outcome
- leaf protein, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the interaction of DI and HA was significant on leaf protein, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation and humic acid interacted significantly for bulb protein and potassium.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae2
- Treatment
- DI and HAe1
- Outcome
- bulb protein and potassium (K) concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and on bulb protein and potassium (K) concentrations”
e1“The results showed that the interaction of DI and HA was significant on leaf protein”
e2“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
These traits were highest at a3b2 and lowest at a1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest record of these traits was observed in a3b2 (highest DI with HA application), and their lowest was in those at first level of DI (a1).”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
DI and HA increased leaf protein and, less strongly, bulb protein.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- DI and HA applicationse0
- Outcome
- Leaf protein and, to a lesser extent, bulb proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf protein and, to a lesser extent, bulb protein were increased by DI and HA applications.”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation at 60% FC significantly reduced bulb fresh weight.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- DI at 60%e0
- Outcome
- bulb fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI at 60% but not at 70% FC significantly reduced bulb fresh weight”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation at 70% FC did not significantly reduce bulb fresh weight.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 70% FCe0
- Outcome
- bulb fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI at 60% but not at 70% FC significantly reduced bulb fresh weight”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing DI gradually raised leaf proline, soluble sugars and protein.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- leaf proline, soluble sugars, proteine0
- Direction
- gradual increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a gradual increase in leaf proline, soluble sugars, protein, catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activity, and bulb K by application of DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing DI gradually raised leaf CAT, POD and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activitye0
- Direction
- gradual increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a gradual increase in leaf proline, soluble sugars, protein, catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activity, and bulb K by application of DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing DI gradually raised bulb potassium.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- bulb Ke0
- Direction
- gradual increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a gradual increase in leaf proline, soluble sugars, protein, catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activity, and bulb K by application of DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the highest DI level increased bulb protein, iron and zinc.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- highest DI level (a3: 60% FC)e0
- Outcome
- protein, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulb traits including protein, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and CAT and POD activity were increased only under highest DI level (a3: 60% FC)”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the highest DI level increased bulb CAT and POD activity.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- highest DI level (a3: 60% FC)e0
- Outcome
- CAT and POD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulb traits including protein, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and CAT and POD activity were increased only under highest DI level (a3: 60% FC)”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
HA further increased leaf soluble sugars and protein under DI.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- application of HAe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars and protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under DIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
HA further increased leaf POD and SOD activities under DI.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- application of HAe0
- Outcome
- POD and SOD activities of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under DIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
HA further increased bulb protein, iron and potassium under DI.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- application of HAe0
- Outcome
- protein, Fe, K concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under DIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
HA further increased bulb CAT activity under DI.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- application of HAe0
- Outcome
- CAT activity of bulbse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under DIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude HA benefited onion growth especially under DI.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae1
- Outcome
- onion growthe0
- Direction
- benefittede0
- Qualifier
- particularly under DI conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA benefitted onion growth particularly under DI conditions.”
e1“Onion is an important crop”
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