Abstract
Soil salinity is a global problem, which is predicted to worsen in arid and semi-arid regions due to climate change. The aim of this study was to understand the remediation potential of biochar in alleviating salt stress by studying its effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A completely randomized design (CRD) was used where three different biochar doses (0%, 5% (v/v), and 10% (v/v)) were applied to the soil under saline (100 M) and non-saline conditions. Our results showed that while salt stress affected the plant growth negatively at all biochar doses, 5% and 10% biochar applications improved the overall plant performance under saline conditions. For the samples with salt stress, plant height and leaf area were increased by 43.1% and 45.3%, respectively, and physiological parameters, such as leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a content, increased when 5% biochar was used. On the other hand, the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions. Moreover, biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, which resulted in an improved plant growth due to the reduction of the oxidative and osmotic stresses. In conclusion, biochar amendment might be a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress on tomato seedlings
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced tomato plant growth negatively at all biochar doses compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- negativelye1
- Comparator
- non-saline conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“Our results showed that while salt stress affected the plant growth negatively at all biochar doses, 5% and 10% biochar applications improved the overall plant performance under saline conditions”
e2“A completely randomized design (CRD) was used where three different biochar doses (0%, 5% (v/v), and 10% (v/v)) were applied to the soil under saline (100 M) and non-saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% and 10% biochar under saline conditions, overall tomato plant performance improved.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 5% and 10% biochar applicationse1
- Outcome
- overall plant performancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“Our results showed that while salt stress affected the plant growth negatively at all biochar doses, 5% and 10% biochar applications improved the overall plant performance under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5% biochar increased tomato plant height by 43.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 5% biochare3
- Outcome
- plant heighte3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 43.1%e3
- Qualifier
- For the samples with salt stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e3“For the samples with salt stress, plant height and leaf area were increased by 43.1% and 45.3%, respectively, and physiological parameters, such as leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a content, increased when 5% biochar was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5% biochar increased tomato leaf area by 45.3%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 5% biochare3
- Outcome
- leaf areae3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 45.3%e3
- Qualifier
- For the samples with salt stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e3“For the samples with salt stress, plant height and leaf area were increased by 43.1% and 45.3%, respectively, and physiological parameters, such as leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a content, increased when 5% biochar was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5% biochar increased leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a content in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 5% biochare3
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a contente3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- For the samples with salt stresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e3“For the samples with salt stress, plant height and leaf area were increased by 43.1% and 45.3%, respectively, and physiological parameters, such as leaf relative water content and chlorophyll-a content, increased when 5% biochar was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 10% biochar gave the highest increase rate in shoot fresh weight (113.7%).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10% biochar amendmente4
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte4
- Direction
- highest increase ratese4
- Value
- 113.7%e4
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 10% biochar gave the highest increase rate in shoot dry weight (74.8%).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10% biochar amendmente4
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte4
- Direction
- highest increase ratese4
- Value
- 74.8%e4
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 10% biochar gave the highest increase rate in the number of leaves (24.9%).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10% biochar amendmente4
- Outcome
- the number of leavese4
- Direction
- highest increase ratese4
- Value
- 24.9%e4
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 10% biochar gave the highest increase rate in root fresh weight (115.5%).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10% biochar amendmente4
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte4
- Direction
- highest increase ratese4
- Value
- 115.5%e4
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 10% biochar gave the highest increase rate in root dry weight (62.5%).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10% biochar amendmente4
- Outcome
- root dry weighte4
- Direction
- highest increase ratese4
- Value
- 62.5%e4
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e4“the highest increase rates in shoot fresh weight (113.7%), shoot dry weight (74.8%), the number of leaves (24.9%), root fresh weight (115.5%), root dry weight (62.5%) were obtained from 10% biochar amendment under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased SOD, CAT and POD activities in salt-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendment at both dosese5
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activitiese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, which resulted in an improved plant growth due to the reduction of the oxidative and osmotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents in salt-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendment at both dosese5
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, which resulted in an improved plant growth due to the reduction of the oxidative and osmotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
The improved tomato plant growth under biochar is attributed to reduced oxidative and osmotic stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- improved plant growthe5
- Qualifier
- due to the reduction of the oxidative and osmotic stressese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on the growth and physiological parameters of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e5“biochar amendment at both doses significantly decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, which resulted in an improved plant growth due to the reduction of the oxidative and osmotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment may be a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress on tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Outcome
- adverse effects of salinity stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“biochar amendment might be a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress on tomato seedlings”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.