Abstract
Global warming has resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin. Sound stimulation can be used as a potential method for enhancing fruit color development since many plants recognize sound vibration as an external stimulus and alter their physiological status in response to it. Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz) enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells and berry skins in field-grown grapevines at the early stage of ripening. The transcription of UFGT and ACO2, which encode the key enzymes in anthocyanin and ethylene biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated in grape cultured cells exposed to sound stimulation. In contrast, the transcription of MybA1 and NCED1, which encode a transcription factor for UFGT and a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis, respectively, was not affected by the sound stimulation. A treatment with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride, revered the enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation by sound stimulation. As the promoter assay using a GUS reporter gene demonstrated that UFGT promoter was directly activated by the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon, which enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells, we conclude that sound stimulation enhanced anthocyanin accumulation through the direct upregulation of UFGT by ethylene biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that sound stimulation contributes to alleviating poor coloration in berry skin as a novel and innovative practical technique in viticulture.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sound increased anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Organ / stage
- cultured cellse0
- Treatment
- Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz) enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells and berry skins in field-grown grapevines at the early stage of ripening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sound increased anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skins at early ripening.
- Organ / stage
- berry skinse0
- Treatment
- Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- early stage of ripeninge0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz) enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells and berry skins in field-grown grapevines at the early stage of ripening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sound upregulated UFGT transcription in grape cultured cells.
Verbatim
e0“The transcription of UFGT and ACO2, which encode the key enzymes in anthocyanin and ethylene biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated in grape cultured cells exposed to sound stimulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sound upregulated ACO2 transcription in grape cultured cells.
Verbatim
e0“The transcription of UFGT and ACO2, which encode the key enzymes in anthocyanin and ethylene biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated in grape cultured cells exposed to sound stimulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sound did not affect MybA1 transcription.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the transcription of MybA1 and NCED1, which encode a transcription factor for UFGT and a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis, respectively, was not affected by the sound stimulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sound did not affect NCED1 transcription.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the transcription of MybA1 and NCED1, which encode a transcription factor for UFGT and a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis, respectively, was not affected by the sound stimulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
An ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor reversed sound enhanced anthocyanin accumulation.
- Treatment
- aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloridee0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- reverede0
- Comparator
- sound stimulatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“A treatment with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride, revered the enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation by sound stimulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon directly activated the UFGT promoter.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“UFGT promoter was directly activated by the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“ethephon, which enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded sound enhances anthocyanins through ethylene mediated UFGT upregulation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“sound stimulation enhanced anthocyanin accumulation through the direct upregulation of UFGT by ethylene biosynthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested sound stimulation for improving poor berry skin coloration in viticulture.
- Outcome
- sound stimulation contributes to alleviating poor coloration in berry skine0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“sound stimulation contributes to alleviating poor coloration in berry skin as a novel and innovative practical technique in viticulture.”
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